INDEX

The abbreviated form “Mass.,” refers to the Governor and Company of Massachusetts Bay—the “Bay Colony.”

Acadia, restored to France by treaty of St. Germain, 180; Massachusetts and the contest between Frenchmen for control of, 232, 233; raid on, by Mass., 438. And see Port Royal.

Acton, Lord, quoted, 66.

Adventurers, motive of, in Plymouth venture, 93, 94; losses of, 114, 115; sell out to Pilgrims, 116.

“Adventurers for New England in America, Company of,” 126 n.

African Company, 45, 46.

African slave-trade, 280.

Agents, colonial, 297, 298.

Agriculture, in England, 123.

Alden, John, 179.

Alexander, son of Massasoit, 346.

Alexander, Sir W., 80.

Algonquin Indian stock, 24.

Allerton, Isaac, 115, 116, 180.

Allyn, John, 416.

Alva, Duke of, 122.

American strain, first appears in second generation of settlers, 316, 317.

Ames, Azel, 97 n.

Amsterdam, Scrooby fugitives at, 88, 89; 381.

Andrews, C. M., quoted, 297.

Andros, Sir Edmund, appointed governor of New England, 411, 412; his original jurisdiction, 412, and its extension, 412, 413; difficulties of his administration, insuperable, 413, 414, 426; broad powers of, 414, 415, 416; relations with Puritan clergy, 421, 422; Puritan complaints against, 422, 423; and the question of taxation, 424, 425 and n.; his powers further extended, 426; his dealings with the Indians, 426, 427; rumors impugning his loyalty, 427, 429; his position when William of Orange landed in England, 428; rising against in Boston, 428, 429; takes refuge in fort, 429; made prisoner, 430; sent to England, 432, 433; 407, 409, 418, 420, 421, 433, 434, 435, 444.

Anne, the (vessel), 106.

Antigua, 120, 367.

Antinomian controversy, 166 and n., 167 - 171; report of synod on, 170; 206.

Antinomians, Boston, 168, 169.

Appalachian barrier, the, 2, 3, 4, 10, 175.

Appeals, to England denied, 151, 152, 170, 214, 305, 322; heard by Royal Commissioner, 334; struggle over question of, 334; in Dudley administration, 409; under Andros, 414, 423.

Appleton, Samuel, 356.

Aquidneck, 227, 228.

Argall, Samuel, breaks up French settlements at St. Sauveur, etc., 55, 56; 53.

Armada, the, 30, 32.

Arnold, Richard, 416.

Articles of Confederation. see United Colonies.

Artillery Company of Middlesex, 322.

Arundell, Thomas, 37.

Ashley, Edward, 180.

Ashurst, Sir Henry, 321, 432.

Assembly, 409, 411, 414, 424, 432, 447.

Assistants (Mass.), functions of, 141, 142; charter violated in regard to, 142; a majority of voting population, 142; and Deputies 154, 155; attempt to usurp power, 160; negative vote, 212; 189, 211, 373, 393.

Atherton Company, secures mortgage title to Narragansett country, 249, 250; reasserts claim thereto 386, 387; 325, 333, 336

Augusta, Maine, 178, 179.

Aulnay, Charles de Menou, Sieur d’, 181, 232, 233, 234.

Austen, Ann, Quaker, 264.

Avenant, C. d’, etc., quoted, 287.

Awashunks, squaw-sachem, 342, 343, 358.

Bacon, Lord, 59.

Bacon’s rebellion, 390.

Balfour, A. J., quoted, 374.

Ballot, secret, first use of in Mass., 161.

Bancroft, Richard, Archbishop of Canterbury, deprivations of Puritan clergy under, 71; and the Puritans, 74.

Baptists, punishment of, 259, 260, 261, 262.

Barbadoes, 8, 110, 120 and n., 121, 134, 175, 223 n., 302, 303, 307, 362 n., 367, 388 and n.

Barbuda, 119, 120.

Barrington, Sir Thomas, 196.

Barrington, Lady Joan, 125.

Bay Colony. see Massachusetts Bay, Governor and Company of.

Bay Path, 20 and n.

Beers, Richard, 354.

Bell, Philip, 133, 134.

Bellingham, Richard, Governor of Mass., and Quaker women, 264; 333.

Beothuks (Indians), 24.

Berkshire Hills, 4.

Bermuda, laws against Sabbath-breaking in, 112; 59, 119, 120, 194 n., 280, 285, 307, 367, 368, 404

Bermuda Assembly, 154.

Bermuda Company, 46, 133.

Berwick, England, 300, 301.

Best, Thomas, 56.

Biard, Father, 55 n., 56.

Bible, the, God’s will revealed to Puritans by, 79; Puritans alone hold key to, 80; laws based on interpretation of texts from, 209, 211.

Bible-Commonwealth, Puritans plan to found, in Mass., 142, 143.

Biencourt Sieur de, 54.

Biggar, H. P., quoted, 29 n.

Bishop George, 264, 269, 373.

Blackstone, William, 144, 151, 184.

Blathwayt, William, English War Secretary, and Cranfield, 402, 403, 417.

Block Island, 199, 200.

Bloody Brook, massacre at, 356.

Body of Liberties, 211.

Bombay, 280.

Boston, meeting at, to divide town land, 161; Antinomian attitude of church at, 168, 169; elections removed from, 169; reëlects Vane and others after invalidation of first election, 169; confederation of colonies discussed at, 224; merchants of, and the Acadian Expedition, 232, 233; import duties on goods entering port of, 243; church at, refuses to join Synod, 255; Royal Commission at, 331, 333, 334; dispute over Church of England services at, 420, 421; observance of Christmas and Sunday in, 422; merchants of, said to have supplied Indians with ammunition, 427; revolt against Andros government in, 428 - 430, 431, 433; 140, 159, 352, 353, 373, 396 n., 423, 437.

Boston Bay, 5.

Boswell, Sir W., quoted, 234.

“Bound House,” 182, 324 n.

Boundaries, natural, influence of, 3; disputes concerning, 183, 216, 217, 218, 228, 243, 244, 245, 247, 249, 250, 251, 318, 320, 321, 325, 331, 332, 380, 382, 385, 386.

Bourne, Richard, 345.

Boyle, Robert, 297 n., 332, 371, 453.

Bradford, William, at Scrooby, 86; his early history, 86, 87; chosen Governor of Plymouth, 100; his History of Plymouth Plantation, quoted or referred to, 61 n., 89, 90, 92 n., 99, 101 n., 102, 103, 106, 110, 111, 114, 115, 131, 150, 180, 181, 190, 191, 225; 116, 164, 179, 198, 276, 370, 371, 416.

Bradstreet, Simon, Governor of Mass., replies to King’s letter, 389, 390; significance of his reëlection, 393, 394; 245, 323, 369, 373, 409, 429, 433, 435, 436 and n., 437, 442, 444.

Braintree, 247.

Brattle, Thomas, 455.

Breedon, Thomas, 314.

Brend, William, Quaker, cruel punishment of, 269.

Brereton, Sir W., 127 n.

Brewster, William, his early history and character, 86; cited before Commissioners of York and Privy Council, 87, 88; elder of church at Leyden, 89; 91, 92, 99, 116.

Bristol, England, 27, 28.

British Empire, not in existence at accession of James I, 279; extent of, at Restoration, 279, 280; character of, 280, 281 and n., 282; most complete embodiment of Mercantile Theory ideal, 285, 286; why English colonies should remain within, 289; Sir E. Morris on, 291; source of its success, 301; views of England, and of the colonies, with regard to, 308, 309.

Brockholls, Anthony, 428.

Brooke, Lord, 125, 167, 179, 181, 191, 195, 196, 197.

Brookfield, destroyed by Indians, 354.

Brown, John, settles at New Harbor (Pemaquid), 109.

Browne, John, 128, 132, 133.

Browne, Samuel, 132, 133.

Browne, Sir Thomas, 371.

Brownists, 68.

Brunhes, Jean, quoted, 11.

Brunswick, Maine, Gardiner at, 150, 151.

Bryce, James, Viscount, quoted, 14.

Buckle, Henry T., quoted, 96 n.

Buet, Hugh, 171.

Bulkley, Peter and Stoughton, agents of Mass. in England, 380 ff.; results of their mission, 383, 384; 389, 409.

Bunyan, John, 371.

Burrage, C., 131 n.

Burrough, Edward, 273.

Burroughs, Rev. George, 455.

Butler, Samuel, 371.

Buzzard’s Bay, 5, 6.

Cabot, John, voyages of, 27, 28, 42; his charter, 34, 299.

Cabot, Sebastian, 27, 32.

Calais, lost to England, 44; represented in Parliament, 388.

Calef, Robert, 455, 456.

Calvin, John, quoted, 77; 84.

Calvinism, and the Puritans, 77.

Cambridge Platform, adopted by synod (1648), 256; opposed in General Court, but finally passed (1651), 257.

Campbell, Douglass, 89 n.

Canada, abortive expedition against, 439 - 441; 291.

Canonchet, Narragansett sachem, forced to sign humiliating treaty, 358; capture and death of, 360.

Canonicus, Narragansett sachem, 199, 353.

Cape Ann, fishing settlement on, 108, 109, 125; 5.

Cape Cod, 5, 37, 97, 339.

Cape of Good Hope, 280.

Cape Porpus, 245.

Carlisle, Earl of, 134.

Carolinas, settlement of, 312.

Carr, Sir Robert, member of Royal Commission, 330, 331, 334, 335.

Carrying trade, restrictions on, by England and France, 288; Holland, England’s most serious rival in, 312.

Cartwright, George, member of Royal Commission, 330, 331, 334, 335.

Carver, John, first Governor of Plymouth, death of, 100; 91.

Casco, 439.

Casco Bay, 178, 245.

Castle Island, fortifications on, 159, 322, 331; 429, 430.

Catholics, in England, under Elizabeth, 69 and n.; and the English Church, 70, 71; laws against, suspended in England, 118. And see Rome.

Cecil, Sir R., 51.

Challons, Henry, sails for New England, 49; disobeys instructions, 49; 50.

Chamberlain, Richard, Secretary of New Hampshire, 400, 401.

Champlain, Samuel de, settles on St. Croix Island, 38, 39; explores and maps New England coast, 39, 40; 53 n.

Champlain, Lake, 4, 312, 440.

Charity, the (vessel), 104, 105.

Charles I, results of his incompetent government, 118; dissolves Parliament, 134; 139, 157, 159, 162, 215.

Charles II, orders suspension of proceedings against Quakers, 273, 274 and n.; his letter confirming Charter of Mass., etc., how complied with, 323, 324; on claim of Mass. to independence, 336; orders agents sent to England, 336; his letter, sent by Randolph, 377, 378, acted on by General Court, 380, 381; other letters of, and their effect, 389, 390, 391; his death, 407; 279, 298, 299, 314, 315, 317, 318, 321, 322, 331, 332, 366, 399, 400.

Charlestown, proposed settlement at, 127; church at, 143; 140.

Chartered companies, 45 ff.

Charters, early commercial, 34, 35.

Charters of American colonies. see Colonial charters.

Chatham, Mass., 39.

Chauncey, Rev. Charles, and Quakers, 270.

Chelmsford, Mass., 345.

Chief, Indian, office of, 17.

Child, Robert, case of, 213, 214 and n., 253, 298, 305, 315, 425.

Chillingworth, William, 146.

Christ, in Puritan theology, 80, 82.

Christianity, unity of, broken up by development of state churches, 282.

Christison, Wenlock, Quaker, 272, 273.

Church, Benjamin, 348, 361.

Church, the, and the average man, 66, 67; compulsory attendance at, 172; penalty of excommunication from, 172; in New England, process of joining, how made difficult, 253, 254. And see Clergy.

Church of England, relation of Puritans to, 64 ff.; struggle for control of, 71, 76, 77; abuses in, 74, 75; low pay of clergy, 74, 75; Calvinism and, 77; services of, tabooed in New England, 130; services of, where held in Boston, 420, 421.

Church-covenant idea, 143.

Church members, number of, in New England, 132; 154, 172, 197, 331, 383, 384, 394, 395.

Church-membership test for franchise in Mass., dissatisfaction with, 253 254; growth of more liberal attitude respecting, 262, 263. And see Franchise.

Churches, new, organization of, restricted, 162.

Clan, the, the Indian’s little world, 18.

Clarendon, Earl of, his colonial policy, 311, 312, 313; Maverick’s reports to, 315; 332, 371.

Clark, Mary, Quaker, 268.

Clarke, John, Baptist, his Ill Newes from New England, 259, 260; 249, 320.

Cleeve, George, 244.

Clergy, number of, deprived under canons of 1604 and under Puritan domination, 71; starvation pay of, 75; reactionary views of, 194; in Rhode Island and Connecticut, 195; attitude of, in Mass., 211; and the Gorton case, 219, 220; and Miantanomo, 240, 241; seek compromise in matter of church-membership, 262, 263, but strive to enforce conformity in matters of doctrine, 263 ff.; failure of, as leaders, explained, 395, 396; important legal questions referred to, 417; relations with Andros, 421, 422; decrease in power of, in Mass., 450, 451; and the witchcraft delusion, 451, 455.

Climate, of New England, 10 and n.

Clive, Lord, 54.

Cloth industry, in England, decline in, 123.

Coast-line, value of, 6.

Cobham, Lord, 36.

Coddington, William, commission of, as Governor of Rhode Island, withdrawn, 249, 250; 161, 169, 185.

Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, and the Mercantile Theory, 285, 288, 289; his policy abandoned by France, 291; 298.

Colleton, John, 297 n.

Colonial charters, terms of, 34, 294; defects of, 366, 367; compared with Constitutions of U. S. colonies and territories of to-day, 448, 449 and n.

Colonial trade, English laws regarding, 287.

Colonies, American, successive grouping of, 2; beginnings of, their real characters, 33; terms of charters of, 34; questions as to status of settlers in, 35, 36; importance of distance of, from mother-country, 36; by-products of English commercial activity, 35; value of, 47; relation of area to barrier in, 175; in 1660, 280; Dutch shut out from carrying trade of, 291; interests of, neglected or misunderstood in England, 295; and the administrative confusion in England (1643-1660), 295, 296; scheme for organization of, following the Restoration, 296, 297; and the acts for control of trade and shipping, 298; restriction on shipment of European goods to, 300, 301; offer no assistance in solution of problem of their relation to England, 307, 308; modified view of contest between England and, 364; problem of, calls for new treatment, 366; demand of, for assemblies and self-taxation, 367, 368; why post of royal governor in, was not attractive, 405, 406; convoys for shipping of, furnished by England, 437, 438.

Colonists, early influence of geographic environment on, 13; misconceive political system of Indians, 17; dealings of, with Indians, 14, 24, 25, 34, ff.; status of, with respect to England, 292; failure of imperial theory to take account of human nature in, 301, 302; non-representation in Parliament not the essential grievance of, 302; their spirit of resistance to interference considered, 302, 303; numbers of, in New England, in 1675, 338 and n.; missionary efforts of, among Indians, 345, 346; their land-hunger, 340, 341; why unprepared for hostilities in 1675, 348, 349; ignorant of Indian warfare, 350; and the new form of government (1685), 408, 409; legal position of, 410.

Colonization, first English attempts at, 33; mainsprings of, 90; effect of Mercantile Theory on, 283, 284.

Columbus, Christopher, 26, 44, 398.

Comantine, Fort, 280.

Commerce, supersedes religion as prime influence in politics, etc., 366. And see Trade.

Common lands, 153, 418.

Common-school education, in New England and Virginia, 369, 370.

Common schools, 396, 397, 456.

Common-stock theory, in founding of Plymouth, 93 f.; in operation of colonies, 113, 114; failure of, in Plymouth, 113.

Commons. see Common lands.

Conant, Roger, settles at Salem, 125; 127.

Confederation. see United Colonies.

Congregational Church, under new charter of Mass, 451.

Congregationalism in New England, 130, 131, 411.

Connecticut, geographical advantage of, 6; early settlers in, 120, 189, 190, 191; franchise in, 172; opposed to policies of Mass., 183, 184, 186; Mass. sends expedition to, 187; constitution of, 192; “Fundamental Orders” of, 192, 193; influence of, and of Mass., on development of American thought, contrasted, 193, 194; character of emigrants to, 195, 207; settlements in, after destruction of Pequots, 206 ff.; absorbs New Haven, 208, 318 - 320; growth of population of, 224; objects to proposed terms of confederation, 225; and the Dutch, 236, 237; controversy over taxation, 242, 243; disputed boundary line between Mass. and, 243; treatment of Quakers in, 268, 275; relation of, to England, 306; flouts Navigation Acts, 313; Winthrop obtains liberal charter for, 318; boundary between Rhode Island and, 320, 321; population (1675), 338; and the Pequots, 343; raising troops in, 351, 355 n.; and friendly Indians, 356; war expenses of, 363; schools in, 369; treatment of Indians by, 387 and n.; steps to cancel charter of, 412, 413; added to jurisdiction of Andros, 413; validates land-titles, 418, 420; Indian attacks in, 427; resumes former government (1689), 433, 434; 209, 215, 226, 227, 317, 325, 332, 336, 339, 341, 353, 386, 439.

Connecticut River, 6, 186, 187, 190, 339, 340, 345, 360, 361.

Conservative and liberal groupings in New England, 373, 374.

Cooper, Sir Anthony A., 297 n.

Cooper, J. Fenimore, 14.

Corbitant (Indian), 101.

Cotton, Rev. John, a follower of Ann Hutchinson, 167; abjures Antinomianism, 170; at Boston, 180; his death, 259; defends punishment of Baptists, 261; and Philip’s son, 362; quoted, 129, 130, 131, 132, 143, 161; 125, 147, 162, 165, 166, 173.

Council Established at Plymouth, etc., granted a charter, 62, 63.

Council for New England, 106, 126, 157.

Council for Plantations, 296, 297, 329.

Council for the Safety of the People, etc., 433

Country, and town, conflict of economic interests, etc., between, 373, 374.

Covenants of Grace and of Works, 166.

Cradock, Matthew, 128, 138, 151, 157.

Crandall, John, Baptist, 259, 260.

Cranfield, Edward, appointed royal governor of New England, 402; his character, 402; dealings with Blathwayt, 402 and n., 403 and n., and with Mason, 403; his course considered, 404 f.; removed, 404; quoted, 420; 406, 407, 411.

Cromwell, Oliver, forces war on Holland, 236, 237 and n.; quoted, on liberty of opinion, 275; 125, 137, 209, 287, 296, 298, 369.

Crown, the, and the colonies, 293 ff.

Cushman, Robert, 91, 94, 95, 97, 102.

Cutt, John, first President of New Hampshire under royal control, 400.

Cuttyhunk, 37.

Damaris Cove, 104, 115.

Dand, John, 214.

Danforth, Thomas, 389, 394, 429.

Daniel, Thomas, 400.

Darley, Henry, 197.

Davenport, Rev. John, founder of New Haven, 206, 207.

Davison, William, 86.

Davson, S. E., quoted, 27 and n.

Deer Island, 357.

Deerfield, attacked by Indians, 354, 355, 356.

Delaware River, settlements on, 234, 235, 236.

Democracy, not aimed at in Mayflower Compact, 98; opposition of Mass. leaders to, 143; genesis of, in America, 144, 419; only partial in early town meetings, 154; in Rhode Island, 186, 195, 248; in Connecticut, 192, 193, 195; and Calvinism, 194; still on trial, 365.

Deputies in General Court, 154. And see Assistants.

Dermer, Thomas, 60, 61 and n.

Devil, the, the saving grace of Puritan doctrine, 82.

Dexter, Henry M., 96 n., 165 n.

Dexter, Thomas, 151.

Digges, Edward, 297 n.

Discovery, right of, basis of title to new lands, 41 and n., 42; questions connected with, 42.

Dissent, growth of, 364, 372.

Distance, from England, influence of, 292, 294, 295, 301, 302.

Divine right of kings, theory of, a protest against divine right of popes, 365.

Dongan, Thomas, Governor of New York, 412, 413.

Dorchester, church at, 143; 140, 190.

Dorchester (England) fishing company in Mass., 108, 125.

Dorrell, John, 127 n.

Dover, N. H., founded, 108; acquired by Puritans, 181; dispute between church factions at, 217, 218; treacherous seizure of Indians at, 361; 178.

Dowdney, Richard, Quaker, 268.

Downing, Emanuel, 138, 141, 217 n.

Downing, Sir George, quoted, 173.

Doyle, J. A., quoted, 187 n.

Drake, Sir Francis, 30, 32, 95 n.

Draxe, Sir James, 297 n.

Dryden, John, 371.

Dudley, Joseph, appointed agent of Mass, 392; of moderate views, 392 n.; Governor of Mass., New Hampshire and the King’s Province, 408 and n., 409; legality of his commission protested by General Court, 410; dissatisfaction with his moderation, 411; superseded by Andros, 411; 416, 425, 429, 430, 435.

Dudley, Joseph, and John Richards, agents of Mass. in England (1682), 392, 393

Dudley, Thomas, Deputy Governor of Mass., 169; 125, 126, 138, 140 n., 147, 161, 162, 167, 179, 213, 227, 258.

Dunster, Henry, 206.

Dupleix, Marquis, 54.

Dutch, helpfulness of, in trade with Indians, 115; and the Pilgrims, 187; at Hartford, 188 and n.; territorial claims of, 234; outnumbered and crowded out by English, 234, 235, 236; treaty with, not ratified by England, 236; shut out from carrying trade of English colonies, 291; instructions of Royal Commission concerning, 330, 331; reduction of, 336.

Dutch West India Co., 313 n.

Dyer, Mary, Quaker, fiendish treatment of, 271; 268.

East, the, search for new routes to, 27, 29; European trade with, in hands of Spain and Portugal, 29.

East India Company, 45, 46, 59.

Eastland Company, 45, 46.

Eaton, Samuel, 263 n.

Eaton, Theophilus, founds New Haven, 206, 207, 208; 128, 213.

Education, in New England, original object of, religious, 370; influence of, 370, 371. And see Common schools.

Edward IV, his charter of 1462, 34, 35.

Edward VI, 69.

Edwards, Jonathan, character of his writings, 82.

Election to General Court, right of, under Mass. charter, 141, 142. And see Franchise.

Eliot, Rev. John, pleads against sale of Indians into slavery, 362; 345, 357, 380.

Eliot, Sir John, 134, 136, 137.

Elizabeth, Queen, relations of England and Spain under, 30, 31, 32; her methods of government, 31; her patent to Sir H. Gilbert, 32, 33, 35; state of England at her accession, 69, 70; her opportunism, 70; vague standard of religious conformity under, 70; 41, 44, 83, 146.

Ellis, George E., quoted, 267.

Emigration, causes of, 1620-1640, 119 ff.; influence of form of, 153; Mass. places restrictions on, 190; from England, cessation of, 222, 223; complaints regarding, 422.

Endicott, John, governor of colony at Salem, 125, 126, 127; hews down Maypole of Merry Mount, 127; confirmed as governor of Mass., under new charter, 128; his views of church government, 131; censured for sending the Brownes to England, 133; his character, 147; at Block Island, 200; as Puritan leader, 258, 259; and the Quaker persecution, 265, 272, 273; his violent language, 270 n.; his death, 275, 333; 124, 134, 135, 140, 143, 156 n., 162, 163, 260, 264, 315, 430.

England, chief imports of, 12; basis of her claims to part of New World, 27, 28, 42; and Spain, under Elizabeth, 30, 31; preys upon Spanish commerce, 36; claims all North America, 41 and n., 42; treaty of 1604 with Spain, 42, 43; economic conditions in, 43, 44; abandons continental conquest after loss of Calais, 44; trading companies formed in, 45, 46, 47; value of colonies to, differing views, 45, 46, 47; state of, at accession of Elizabeth, 69, 70; problem of church settlement, 70; low state of morality in, 73, 74; balance-sheet of American exploration, 91; conditions in, about 1630, 118, 123, 124; laws against Catholics suspended, 118; emigration from, largely due to other than religious causes, 121, 122; Puritan leaders in New England propose to govern independently of, 155, 156; effect of domestic political events in, to postpone Colonial affairs, 159, 160, 208, 209, 214, 215, 216, 295, 296; and France, scene of first step in struggle between, 180, 181; breach between Puritan leaders in, and in Mass., 195 ff.; attitude of New Haven toward, 208; why emigration ceased, 222, 223; and Holland, conflicting territorial claims of, 234, 235, adjusted by treaty, 236; relations of colonies with, 278, 279, 292, 293, 294, 295; and colonial shipping, 286; laws of, relating to colonial trade, 288; application of Mercantile Theory by, and the Dutch, 291; value of Navigation Acts to, 291, 292; scheme for organization of colonies after Restoration, 296, 297, 298; acts for control of trade and shipping 298 ff.; interference of, with colonial rights, 302, 303; relation of Mass. to, defined by General Court, 305, 306; relation of other colonies to, 306; and the defiant attitude of New England, 313; complaints against Mass. to government of Charles II, 313 ff.; change in relation of colonies to, 317, 366; rights and interests of citizens of, 327, 328; question of location of sovereignty in, 364 ff.; her wars from 1672 to 1815, wars of trade, 366; intellectual revival in, 371; Stoughton and Bulkley agents of Mass. in, 380 ff.; her patience exhausted, and why, 390, 391; her offer of compromise, not accepted, 393; Mass. charter annulled by scire facias, 394; and the new government in New Hampshire, 399 ff.; and the question of land-titles in New England, 418 ff.; effect of her method of dealing with the question, 420; Revolution in (1688), 428; circular letter of new government to colonies, 432; war between France and, 436; furnishes convoys for colonial shipping, 437, 438; echoes of discontent in Mass. in, 444, 445 and n.; Mather’s labors in, 445, 446. And see British Empire, Charles I, Charles II, Clarendon, Elizabeth, James I, James II, Lords of Trade and Plantations.

“England and Ireland, Realmes of,” 35 n.

English, the, none of great river highways originally held by, 3; locus of earliest effort at colonization by, 12; treatment of Indians by, 39, 40; break up French settlements in Maine and Nova Scotia, 54 - 56 : numbers of, in different colonies, in 1630, 120, 121; emigrants to Ireland, 120.

English and French possessions in North America during settlement period contrasted, 3.

English nation, involved in founding of settlements by Englishmen, 281.

English seamen, under Drake and his fellows, 30, 31.

Esquimaux, 24.

Essex County, Mass., resistance to tax-levy in, 425, 426.

Established Church, a necessity in England, 70, 146; where real struggle for control of, lay, 71. And see Church of England.

European civilization, effect on, of expansion due to opening of new lands, 30, 31, 398, 399.

European commerce with the Fast, etc., 26; seeks new route to East, 26, 27; passes into hands of Spain and Portugal, 29.

European goads, restrictions on shipment of, to colonies, 300, 301.

Evelyn, John, 372.

Exeter, N. H., founded, 182; and the settlement at Hampton, 182, 183.

Fairfield, Conn., 206.

Farmers, white and colored, comparative efficiency of, in North, 8.

Faroe Islands, 12.

Fenwick, George, 242.

Finch, Katherine, 172.

Firearms, sale of, to Indians, 113, 344; Indians required to surrender, 344, 347; English, inferior to Indian, 350.

Fish, staple of exchange, 11; demand for, in Europe, 28; opposition to monopoly in, 106.

Fisher, Mary, Quaker, 264.

Fisheries of New England, 11, 104, 106, 286, and of Newfoundland, 286; produce a race of seamen, 11.

Fiske, John, 28 n.

Flemings, in England, 122.

Folger, Peter, “A Looking-Glass for the Times,” 274 n.

Forefathers Day, 99 n.

Forests, as barriers, 3, 4; extent of, in New England, 9.

Fortrey, Samuel, England’s Interest and Improvement, quoted, 283, 284.

Fortune, the (vessel), captured by French with first shipment of pelts, 102.

Fowle, Thomas, 213, 214.

France, Verrazano sails under flag of, 28; claims all North America, 41; Mercantile Theory in, 285; Colbert’s policy abandoned by, 291; at war with England, 337, 446.

Franchise, religious test for, 172, 185, 192, 197, 213 f., 217, 252, 253, 254, 319, 383, 384, 389, 392, 393, 445, 446; royal orders concerning, 323; new law concerning, characterized, 331, 332; property qualification for, 389, 392, 393, 445, 446; question of, in new charter for Mass., 434, 435, 445, 446.

Frazer, J. G., quoted, 68 n.

“Free planters,” in New Haven, 207, 208.

Free speech, denial of, inevitable, 143; 212.

Freemen, in Mass., the only enfranchised voters, 142; petition for increase in number of, 144; limited to church members, 145, 162; 152, 154, 155, 160, 314, 400, 435; in Connecticut, 192; in New Hampshire, 217.

French, the, on New England coast, 38; permanent settlement of, at Quebec, 38; beginning of friendship with Indians 39, 40; colonization contrasted with English, 39, 340, 345; settlements of, broken up, 54 - 56; capture the Fortune, loss missionary efforts of, 345; supply Indians with arms, 361; danger to English colonies from, 426; behind Indian raids, 438.

French West Indies. see West Indies (French).

Frontenac, Count, 440.

Frontier, natural, 1; westward movement of, causes grouping of colonies into East and West, 2; unlimited, in North America, and its effect on institutions, 29, 30; constant advance of, 176 ff., 195, 197, 198; the refuge of restless and discontented, 177; influence of, on domestic concerns of colonies, 209 ff.; spirit of resistance to interference developed on, 302; advance of, followed by erection of towns, 340; of influence 367, 419.

Fuller, Samuel, 131.

Fuller, Thomas, 371.

“Fundamental Orders” of Connecticut, 192, 193.

Fur-trade, exhaustion of, in New England, 6; beginnings at Plymouth, 102, 114, 115; importance of, 178, 179; 238.

Gama, Vasco da, 27.

Gardiner, Christopher, takes refuge with Indians, 150; relations with Gorges, 150, 151; 156.

Gardiner, Lyon, 196, 200, 201.

Gawsell, Gregory, 125, 134.

General Court of Connecticut, representation in, 192; relation of, to towns, 192; declares war against Pequots, 202 ff.; 413.

General Court of Massachusetts Bay, functions of, under charter, 128; first session of, 141; towns represented in, 154; functions of, enlarged, at expense of freemen, 160; and R. Williams, 163; establishes council of magistrates for life, 161, 162; refuses to accept Vane’s resignation, 168; disciplines Wheelwright, 169; invalidates election of Vane and others, and admits them on re-election, 169; passes new immigration law, 169; purged for lack of zeal, 170; and atones therefor, 170 ff.; dispute between magistrates and deputies in, 189; resolution of, as to laws in force, 209, 210; judgment of, in “Sow” case, 212; appeal of non-church members for increase of privileges, denied, 213, 214; legislates to assist debtors, 222; grants land in Rhode Island to Braintree men, 247, 248; convokes synod, 255; Cambridge Platform adopted by, against opposition, 257; passes laws against Quakers, 265, 266, 268; enacts death penalty by bare majority, 270 n.; severity of laws modified, 273; growing opposition in, to persecution of Quakers, 275; defines relations of colony to England, 305, 306; censures Leverett for violation of Navigation Acts, 313; sends addresses to King and Parliament, 321; revives severe laws against Quakers, 323; laws passed by, repugnant to laws of England, 327; and the Royal Commission, 331, 332; passes new election law, 331, 332; answers of, to requests and charges of Commission, 333, 334; letter of Carr and others to, 334, 335; refuses to send agents to England, 336; disregards petition of citizens opposed to its action, 336, 337; asserts God’s reason for Philip’s War, 349; and the Indians, 357; replies to royal letter, 380, 381; tergiversations of, regarding Navigation Acts, 384, 385; seeks extension of northern boundary, 385; agrees to administer oath of allegiance and to legislate against treason, 387; reënacts Navigation Acts, 387; sends Dudley and Richards as agents, 392, 393; deadlocked as to acceptance of offer to compromise in matter of annulment of charter, 393; protests legality of Dudley’s commission, 410. And see Assistants.

Geographic factors, in New England, 11 ff; influence of, 153, 292.

Geographic science, progress in, 26, 27.

Gerrard, Sir Thomas, 38.

Gilbert, Adrian, 41.

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, terms of his patent, 32, 33, and questions raised thereby, 35, 36; failure of his colonizing efforts, 36; 31.

Gilbert, Sir John, 52.

Gilbert, Raleigh, founds settlement on Sagadahoc (Kennebec) River, 50, 51, 52.

Gilman, John, 400.

Godfrey, Edward, 244, 245 and n., 314.

Goffe, Sir Thomas, 128.

Goffe, William, regicide, 314.

Gombroon, 280.

Gomez, Estienne, voyages of, 28.

Gooch, G. P., quoted, 84, 144.

Good Hope, fort of, 234, 235, 236, 237, 242.

Goodman, John, 100.

Gookin, Daniel, 357.

Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, attitude of Puritans toward, 49; sends vessel to New England, 49 and n.; his agents in Maine, 60, 61; secures new charter, 62; his Briefe Narration, 103; grant to Mason and, 104; consents to issuance of patent for settlement at Salem, 126; and Morton, 149; his relations with Puritan peers, 149; and the Bay Colony, 149, 150; attacks the colony’s charter, 151, 156 ff.; details of his scheme, 158; his hopes dashed, 159; appointed governor of New England, 158, 159; and Mason, divide province of Maine, 177, 178; his death, 244; claim of heirs of, to Maine, declared valid, 375, 376, 382; 48, 51, 52, 125, 216, 218, 245, 314, 324.

Gorges, Ferdinando, (the younger), protests against absorption of Maine by Mass., 314; sets up his claim against that of Mass., 324, 325; 335, 379, 380, 381, 382, 385.

Gorges, John, 125, 149.

Gorges, Robert, Governor of New England, 106; forms settlement at Wessagussett, 108; 109, 126, 127 n., 149.

Gorges, William, 178.

Gorton, Samuel, a wanderer, 218, 219; banished from Providence, 219; buys Indian land, 219; action of Mass. against, 219, 220; his religious views, 221 and n.; 239, 240, 241, 247, 248, 305.

Gosnold, Bartholomew, his voyage in 1602, 36, 37; at Jamestown, 48, 49; 40.

Gove, Edward, 403.

Grafton, Mass., 345.

Gray, Thomas, 151.

Great Island, N. H., 437.

Green Mountains, 4.

Greene, John, 386.

Greenland, 12.

Groans of the Plantations, The, quoted, 388 n.

Groton, 360.

Guadaloupe, 291.

Guercheville, Madame de, founds St. Sauveur, on Mt. Desert, 55; 41.

Guiana, 91.

Guiana Company, 46.

Guinea Company, 46.

Guinn, ——, 402.

Gunnbiörn’s Skerries, 12 n.

Habeas Corpus, right of, not extended to colonies, 425 n.

Hadley, Mass., 354 and n., 355, 356.

Hakluyt, R., “A Discourse concerning Western Planting,” quoted, 31 n., 37.

“Half-way Covenant”, 263.

Halley, Edmund, 371.

Hampden, John, 125, 136, 137.

Hampton, dispute over settlement at, 182, 183.

Hanham, Thomas, 48, 50 and n.

Hardy, Thomas, 72.

Harlow, Edward, 54.

Harris, William, 338 n.

Harrison, William, 44.

Harrisse, H., 28 n.

Hartford, Dutch at, 188 and n.; 191, 192.

Harvard College, 369.

Harvey, William, 371.

Hatfield, Mass., 360.

Hawkins, Sir John, 30.

Hawkins, Sir Richard, 60.

Haynes, John, Governor of Mass., 167, 189.

Henchman, Daniel, 353.

Henri IV., 38, 41.

Henrietta Maria, Queen, 118.

Henry II, 41 n.

Henry IV, his charter of 1404, 34.

Henry VII, 27, 28.

Henry VIII, break with Rome under, 68, 69; 71.

Henson, Rev. H. H., 96 n.

Herrick, Robert, 371.

Hibbens, Ann, 264.

Higginson, Rev. Francis, teacher of Salem church, 131; quoted, 129, 417; 127, 140, 263 n., 371.

High Commission, Court of, 71, 80, 151.

Hilton, Edward and William, settle on Piscataqua River, 108 and n.

Hilton patent, the, 196.

Hinckley, Thomas, 416.

Hobbes, Thomas, 371.

Hobomack (Indian), 101.

Hobson, Captain, 54, 60.

Hocking, ——, murder of, at Augusta, 178, 179 n., 298.

Hoffe, ——, 169.

Holden, Christopher, Quaker, 268.

Holden, Randall, 386.

Holland, Earl of, 125.

Holland, her claims to territory in New England, invalid, 53 and n.; state of, in early 17th century, 89 and n.; religious toleration in, 118; treaty with England, not ratified, 236; Cromwell forces war on, 236; United Colonies declare war on, 238; carrying trade of, 298; England at war with, 337; peace with, 375; 146, 312. And see Dutch.

Holmes, Obadiah, Baptist, whipped at Lynn, 259 ff.

Hooker, Rev. Thomas, arrives at Newtown, 189; denied permission to go to Connecticut, 189; but takes his congregation thither, 190, 191; his “famous sermon,” 192 and n., and J. Winthrop, 193, 194; his death, 258; 167, 168, 195, 210, 372.

Hopkins, Edward, Governor of Connecticut, 213.

Hopkins, Steven, 101.

Hopkinton, 345.

Housatonic River, 235 and n.

Hubbard, William, quoted, 97, 354 n.

Hudlston, John, 103 n.

Hudson, Henry, on coast of Virginia, 53; Dutch claims based on voyage of, 53; 6.

Hudson River, 53 and n.

Hudson-Mohawk river highway, 3, 312.

Huguenots, and the fall of Rochelle, 118; in England, 122.

Hull, Rev. Mr., 227.

Humphrey, John, 124, 127, 128, 134, 138, 140 and n., 141, 157, 196, 223.

Hunt, Thomas, 59.

Hutchinson, Ann, and the Antinomian controversy, 165 ff.; tried and banished, 171; 210, 220.

Hutchinson, Edward, 354.

Hutchinson, L., quoted, 84, 85.

Hutchinson, Thomas, History of Massachusetts Bay, quoted, 258, 259, 433; 424.

Hutchinson, William, 165.

Iceland, 12.

Immigration law (Mass.), terms of, 169, 170, 173. And see Emigration.

Imperial sovereignty, 293.

India, English successes in, 56; English interests in (1660), 280.

Indian land-titles, purchase of, 39, 340 f.

Indian warfare, colonists ignorant of, 350.

Indians, dealings of colonists with, 14, 24, 25, 39, 40, 198, 199, 239 ff.. character and mental traits of, 14 ff.; still in Stone Age at time of discovery of America, 16; agriculture and the chase, 16, 19, 20; political and social organization of, 17 ff.; war, their natural condition, 19; position of women among, 21, 22; and the arts, 22; economic life, 23; in animistic stage of religious belief, 23; linguistic, the best method of classification of, 23, 24; numbers of, in New England, 24, 338, 339; foundation of friendship with French, 39, 40; sickness among, 99, 100 and n.; and the Pilgrims, 101, 102; beginnings of trade with, 102, 115; threats of trouble with, 103; plot of, against Wessagussett, foiled, 105; Morton sells fire-arms to, 113; and Morton, 148; Williams escapes to, 165; solicit colonists to come to Connecticut River, 187; slight danger from in New England, 197, 198; rumors of general uprising, 240; geographical distribution of, 339; land-dealings of settlers with, 340 ff., 348, 349; Puritans’ treatment of, and their reaction to it, 342; special laws for, 343; causes of friction with, 344; missionary work among, 345, 346; changed relations of whites and, 348, 349; innocent, inhuman treatment of, by Mass., 357; supplied by French with arms, etc., 361; treacherous seizure of, at Dover, 361; terms of treaty with (1678), 362 and n.; psychological effect of war on, 362; treatment of captives by colonists, 362; protests against sale of, into slavery, 362; control of relations with, in all North America, given to Andros, 426; threats of trouble with, 426; expeditions against, at divers places, 427; hostilities begun by, 436, 437. And see Beothuks, Iroquois, Narragansetts, Nipmucks, Pequots, Praying Indians.

Indies, English rights of trade with, surrendered bv treaty of 1604, 43.

Individual, the, responsibility of, to God, 67; rights of, and the Gorton case, 221.

Individual initiative, development of, in Tudor times, 31.

Individual liberty, and the struggle between England and her colonies, 329.

Individualism, increasing sense of, 66, 67.

Inquisition, the, 31.

Insurance (cargo), high cost of, 114.

Intercolonial trade, New England’s share in, 10; 300.

Ipswich, resistance to tax-levy in, 425.

Ireland, schemes for colonizing, 33; settlements in, 59 and n.; English emigrants to, 120.

Irish Plantation Society, 33, 46, 47.

Iroquois, superior art of, in pottery, 22; 24, 312.

Island colonies, planted by England, 119.

Isothermal lines, on Atlantic coast, 10.

Italy, cities of, lose Oriental trade, 29.

Jamaica, religious toleration in, 276; 287, 367, 381.

James I, 40, 42, 47, 48, 51, 58, 71, 132, 279.

James II, opposes grant of popular assembly in New England, 414; proclamation of, in view of invasion from Holland, 428; dethroned, 430; 408, 410, 411, 424, 427, 431.

Jamestown, founded, 38, 49; troubles of, 61, 62; massacre at, 103; 91.

Java, 280.

Jephson, W., 431.

Jermyn, Sir Robert, 72.

Jesuits, at St. Sauveur, 55, 50; missionaries in America, 345.

Johnson, Lady Arbella, 140.

Johnson, Isaac, 125, 128, 138, 140.

Joint stock, see Common stock.

Jones, Christopher, captain of the Mayflower, 95 n., 97 and n.

Jones, Thomas, 95 n., 97 n.

Josselyn, Henry, 244.

Keaynes, Robert, and the “Sow” case, 211, 212; 232 n., 314 n.

Kennebec River, trade with settlements on, 115, 116; Hocking affray on, 178; 6, 50, 104.

Kief, Dutch governor, 235.

King David (vessel), 289 n.

King’s Chapel (Boston), 421, 442.

King’s Province, organized, 332, 333; Dudley, governor of, 409; 386, 387.

Kirk, Sir W., 180.

Kirke, Percy, comes near being governor of New England, 407 and n.

Kittery, 245.

Kittredge, George L., Robert Child the Remonstrant, 214 n.

Knower, Thomas, 151.

La Saussaye, M. de, 55 and n.

La Tour, Claude Etienne de, in Acadia, 232, 233, 234.

Labrador current, 12.

Land, travel by, effect of difficulty and expense of, 7.

Land, free grants of, in New England colonies, 153, and the development of American ideals, 176; method of acquisition of, from Indians, 340, 341; title to, by conquest, 341; “one of the gods of New England,” 243; prospect of owning, the main attraction to emigrants, 419; effect of wide distribution of small holdings, 419.

Land-system of New England, 153.

Land-titles, in Mass., establishment of new government complicated by question of, 416 ff.;

Higginson on derivation of, 418.

Land-values, in England, rise of, 123.

Lathrop, Thomas, 355.

Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury, declares war on Puritans, 157; 121, 148, 151, 158, 162.

Lawyers, scarcity of, in New England, 417.

Lechford, T., 132.

Leddra, William, Quaker, 272, 273.

Lee, Robert E., quoted, 408.

Leere, Sir Peter, 297.

Leroy-Beaulieu, Pierre P., De la Colonisation, etc., quoted, 44 n.

Lescarbot, Marc, 39 and n.

Levant Company, 45, 46.

Leverett, John, agent of Mass. in England, 321, 322; and Randolph, 378, 379; on the relation of Mass. to England, 378; 312, 313, 350, 389.

Levert, Christopher, settles at York, 108.

Leyden, Pilgrim church at, 89; seven articles of the church at, 92; emigrants to Plymouth, 97, 98.

Liberal sentiment in religion and economics, growth of, in New England, 373, 374.

Liberty, double nature of struggle for, in colonial period, 155, 311, 329, 435; not a natural fact, 365; and the struggle between England and the colonies, 395, 396.

Liberty of conscience. see Religious toleration.

Lincoln, Earl of, 92, 125, 138, 149, 177, 197.

Littleton, Mass., 345.

Local governments in New England. see Towns.

Locke, John, 371.

London, capital for Pilgrims’ enterprise largely subscribed in, 99; 381. And see Adventurers.

London Company, provided for in Virgiania charter, 48; founds Jamestown, 48, 49; changes in charter of, 62; hostility of, to Gorges, 62.

Long Island, 226.

Long Island Sound, 4, 5, 6, 206, 339.

Longmeadow, 360.

Lord’s Prayer, the, frowned on by Puritans, 82.

Lords Commissioners for Plantations in General, charter of Mass. investigated by, 157, 158.

Lords of Trade and Plantations, take over colonial affairs, 375; and the New England question, 375 ff.; Randolph’s report to, 379; examine merchants as to trading practices of New England, 379, 380; advise Quo Warranto process against Mass., 384; advise reconstruction of government of New Hampshire, 402; and Cranfield, 404; and the Mason claim to New Hampshire, 405; 391 and n., 408, 412, 436, 437, 445.

Louis XIII, 181.

Louis XIV, 288.

Love, W. de L., 191 n.

Lyford, John, a canting clergyman, 106, 107; and Oldham, 107; banished, 107, 108.

Lygonia grant, 244.

Lynn, Henry, 151.

Lynn, Mass., Baptists fined at, 259, 260; matter of iron-works at, 314 and n.; 140.

McIlwain, C. H., The High Court of Parliament, etc., quoted, 307.

Machias, 180.

Madras, 280.

Magellan, Ferdinand, 27.

Magistrates, right of, to perpetual reelection, 161, 162. And see Assistants.

Maine, geographical conditions in northern, 5; thinly settled, 5; coast of, long a debatable land between French and English, 39; settlers in, 120; early history of, 177 ff.; Mason and Gorges grant divided between them, 177, 178; scene of first step in struggle between France and England, 180, 181; slow growth of population in 183; no settled government in, 217; claim of Mass. to territory in, 217; province of, annexed by Mass., 244, 245; conditions in, under Mass., 317; Gorges claim to, 324, 325, 376; again taken under jurisdiction of Mass., 335, 336; losses of, in Philip’s War, 363; bought by Mass., 386; disaffection of people of, 386 and n., Mass. ordered to surrender title-deeds of, 389, but sets up government there, 389, 390; Indian troubles in, 427, 437; included in Mass. under new charter, 449; 3, 215, 227, 339, 361, 393.

Malynes, Gerard, 114 n.

Maps, early, of Atlantic coast, 28.

Marlborough, Earl of, 134.

Marlborough, Mass., 345, 357, 360.

Marshall, Christopher, 263 n.

Martha’s Vineyard, gold sought on, 60; 345.

Martinique, 291.

Martyn, Richard, 400.

Marvell, Andrew, 371.

Mary, Queen, 31, 69.

Mary II, Queen, 445.

Maryland, settlers in 120; religious freedom in, 275; 285, 439.

Marsden, J. B., quoted, 76.

Mason, John, bounds of grants to, 104; and Gorges divide province of Maine, 177, 178; death of, 181; claim of heirs of, to land in New Hampshire, declared valid, 375, 376, 382; 109, 126, 156, 159, 216, 245, 324.

Mason, Capt. John, leads expedition against Pequots, 202 ff.

Mason, Robert, protests against annexation of New Hampshire to Mass., 314; his title confirmed by Parliamentary committee, 324, 325; and the new royal government, 399 ff.; difficulties of, 401; deal with Cranfield, 403 and n.; his claims impossible to adjust, 404, 405; 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 390, 409, 420.

Massachusetts, coast of, 5, 6; misapprehension concerning emigration to, 119; settlers in, in 1630 and 1640, 120; population of, and of Barbadoes compared, 121; proportion of Puritan element in population of, 121, 122.

Massachusetts Bay, Pilgrims’ first trading voyage to, 102; 37.

Massachusetts Bay, Governor and Company of (Bay Colony), charter granted to, 127, 128; original patentees, 127, 128; shades of religious belief, 129; transfer of charter to Winthrop and others, 138 - 140; removal of charter to America, 139; settlements of Winthrop and his band, 140; climatic and economic conditions in, 140, 141; violations of charter of, 141, 142, 145, 162; freemen of, only enfranchised voters, 142; non-church members seek a share in management of affairs, 145; limitations of founders, 147, 148; severe measures against critics, 151, 152; elements in political history of, 155; Gorges’s attack on, 156 ff.; writ of Quo Warranto, to repeal Charter, 158, 159; prepares for armed resistance, 159; towns of question legislation by magistrates, 160; election of magistrates for life in, 161, 162; and Ann Hutchinson, 166 ff.; control of oligarchy in, how confirmed, 169, 170, 171, 172; intolerance of leaders criticized by friends in England, 172, 173; technical rights of colonists under charter, considered, 173; results of intolerant policy on intellectual life of, 174; dispute with Plymouth over Hocking case, 178, 179; refuses to aid Plymouth against French, 181; and Wheelwright’s settlement in Exeter, 182; and the settlement at Hampton, 182, 183; influence of, in Rhode Island and Connecticut, 183 ff.; contrast between Rhode island and, 185, 186; sends expedition to Connecticut, 187 and n., 188; restrictions on permission to leave colony, 189, 190; and settlements in Connecticut 190, 191, 207; influence of, on development of American thought, 193, 194; attitude of clergy in, 194, 195; isolation of, 197; dealings with Indians, 198 ff., and their results, 201 ff., appeals to R. Williams to mediate with Indians, 201; appeals to Plymouth for aid, 202; demand for return of charter to England, refused, 209; beginnings of opposition to oligarchy in, 210, 211; adopts the “Body of Liberties,” and new code of laws, 211, claims of, to territory of Maine and New Hampshire, 216, 217, 227, 328; annexes Dover, 217, and Exeter, 218; intervenes in Gorton case, 219, 220, 221; population and resources of, 221, 224; alienates her friends in England, 223; submits draft of proposed Confederation, 224, 225; her policy, to extend her claims and control, 226; her advantages, 226, 227; her spite against Rhode Island, 227; territorial acquisitions before formation of Confederation, 228; dominates councils of Confederation, 230; the inglorious expedition to Acadia, 232 ff.; effect of abstention of, from quarrels with Dutch, 237, 238; her purity of motive questioned, 238; and the declaration of war against the Dutch, 238, 239; controversy