INDEX

ACADIA, Monts’s colony, ii. 395.

Agriculture, in Netherlands, i. 15; tobacco culture in New Netherland, 188; monopoly abolished in New Netherland, 197; encouragement in New Netherland, 198. See also Manors.

Albany, N. Y., French fur-traders’ blockhouse on site, i. 79, 92; Fort Nassau built, 123; first settlement, 135; threatened trouble with the Mohawks, 141; pre-Revolutionary importance, 241; ii. 66; called Beverwyck, i. 243 named, ii. 1; and Leisler, 223, 227, 420; in 1765, 317-320.

Albigenses, extermination in France, i. 44; ii. 394; survivals in Italy and Holland, i. 47.

Alexander, James, Jacobite, ii. 290 n.; Zenger’s counsel, 291; disbarred, 292.

Allefonsce, Jean, French navigator, on the coast of New England, i. 79; explores the Hudson, 89.

Allerton, Isaac, member of the Board of Eight Men, i. 219.

Amboyna “massacre,” i. 61.

Amsterdam, Fénelon on, i. 1; growth with independence, 54.

Andringa, Joris, Dutch governor of New York, ii. 38.

Andros, Edmund, governor of New York, character, ii. 43, 48, 112, 165; early life, 44; arrival in New York, 45; and the oath of allegiance, 46-48; and the demand for representation, 49-51; interest in New York city, 51-53; and New England in 1675, 53-58, 67, 70, 71; conference with the Iroquois, 62-65; establishes board of Indian commissioners, 66; and King Philip’s War, 67-70; sends a force to Maine, 71; knighted, 71; and the New Jersey settlements, 109-111,163-165; personal relations with Carteret, 109, 110; complaints against, 195; viceroy of New England, 205; tyranny in Massachusetts, 206; overthrow, 208.

Antarctic explorations, i. 65.

Antinomianism in Massachusetts, ii. 118.

Antwerp, Belgium, prosperity, i. 23; decline, 54.

Arctic explorations, why inaugurated, i. 63; Dutch, 64; Hudson’s, 96, 100, 107.

Argall, Samuel, at Manhattan, i. 119.

Army, colonial, in New York, ii. 304.

Artevelde, Philip van, death, i. 27.

Assemblies, colonial, strife with royal governors, ii. 18, 250-252, 266, 278-280, 284, 285, 305.

Aubert, Thomas, alleged voyage, i. 68.

Australia, Dutch discovery, i. 60.

Baptists, persecution in New Netherland, i. 269; Seventh Day, ii. 408.

Barentz, William, Dutch navigator, voyages in the Arctic Ocean, i. 64; death, 65; character, 65.

Bartram, John, botanist, ii. 376.

Bartram, William, botanist, ii. 376.

Batavia, Java, founded, i. 58.

Batavians, alliance with the Romans, i. 5; attempted independent confederacy, 6; and the Frisians, 6.

Baxter, George, Stuyvesant’s English secretary, supports the autocracy, i. 297; negotiates Hartford treaty, 299; disaffected, 310; remonstrance, 311; is arrested, 313.

Bayard, Nicholas, ancestry, i. 231 and the oath of allegiance, ii. 47; supports Nicholson, 210; and Leisler, 216, 219, 220; imprisoned by Leisler, 231, 237; accused of complicity with pirates, 267, 268; conviction for treason, 276; release, 277.

Beekman, William, and the oath of allegiance, ii. 47.

Belgians, Cæsar’s victory over, i. 5.

Belgium, erection of the kingdom, i. 51. See also Netherlands.

Bellomont, Lord, and Kidd, ii. 264, 268, 269, 373; character, 265; governor of New York, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire, 266; favours the Leislerians, 266-268; in Boston, 274; death, 274.

Berkeley, Lord, grant of New Jersey, ii. 12; sells, 19.

Bible, Erasmus’s edition, i. 21; dissemination in Netherlands, 21.

Block, Adrian, on coast of New England, i. 120.

Block Island discovered, i. 75.

Blommaert, Samuel, patroonship, i. 159.

Bœotians as the Dutch of Greece, i. 185.

Bogardus, Everardus, second clergyman in New Netherland, arrives, i. 168; character, 289; and Kieft, 228; drowned, 237.

Bohemia, claim of influence on America, i. 38.

Bois, Louis du, leads Walloon emigration, ii. 397.

Boston, establishment of a post with New York, ii. 21-25; Huguenot settlers, 401. See also Massachusetts.

Boudinot, Elias, Huguenot ancestry, ii. 405.

Boundaries, New Netherland, i. 122; settlement of Connecticut and New York, ii. 5-7; line between East and West Jersey, 163; Pennsylvania, 172-174.

Bowdoin, James, Huguenot ancestry, ii. 401.

Bradford, Andrew, son of William, printer in Philadelphia, ii. 376; American Magazine, 376.

Bradford, William, of Plymouth, on the Dutch language, i. 98 n.; discussion with Minuit, 143.

Bradford, William, New York newspaper, ii. 290; first printer in Philadelphia, 375.

Bradford, William, nephew of Andrew, printer in Philadelphia, ii. 376.

Brazil, Dutch in, i. 62.

Brockholls, Anthony, lieutenant-governor of New York, ii. 45 and the custom duties, 195.

Brodhead, J. R., New York, ii. 170 n.

Brooke, Lord, grant in Connecticut, 176.

Brooklyn, N. Y., beginnings, i. 135, 201; in 1679, ii. 89.

Brooks, Elbridge, In Leisler’s Times, 232 n.

Bruges, Belgium, prosperity, i. 23 decline, 54.

Brugh, Johannes van, and the oath of allegiance, ii. 47.

Bull, Thomas, and Andros at Saybrook, ii. 56.

Burgundy, origin of the duchy, i. 28; absorption of the Netherlands, 28; reversion to the French crown, 30.

Burlington, N. J., founded, ii. 166.

Burnet, William, governor of New York, character, ii. 286; fur-trade reforms, 286-289.

Burton, Mary, and the negro plot, 339-341.

Byllinge, Edward, buys Berkeley’s interest in New Jersey, ii. 19; quarrel with Fenwick, 162; insolvent, 163.

Bynner, E. L., The Begum’s Daughter, ii. 232.

Cabo de Arenas, identification, i. 85-87.

Cabot, John, voyage not followed up, i. 67; extent of discovery, 78.

Cabot, Sebastian, governor of the Muscovy Company, i. 93.

Cæsar, victory over the Belgians, i. 5.

Calvinism and public schools, i. 37

Cambridge University, liberalism, i. 44.

Campbell, Douglas, Puritan in England, Holland, and America, i. 35.

Canada, Iroquois raid in 1689, ii. 204; attack on Schenectady, 224-227; unsuccessful English expeditions against, 229, 281, 283.

Canals in Netherlands, i. 16.

Cape of Good Hope, Dutch colony, i. 60.

Cape Henlopen, Del., and Cabo de Arenas, i. 85-87; named, 121.

Cape Horn discovered, i. 65.

Cape May, N. J., named, i. 121. Carleton, Sir Dudley, ambassador, presents English claim to New Netherland, i. 133.

Carr, John, son of Sir Robert, commands on the Delaware, ii. 8.

Carr, Sir Robert, royal commissioner, i. 331; on the Delaware, ii. 4; in Boston, 9; death, 11.

Carteret, Sir George, grant of New Jersey, ii. 12; regrant, 42, 108.

Carteret, James, son of Sir George, in New Jersey, ii. 18; character, 97.

Carteret, Philip, governor of New Jersey, ii. 13; and Nicolls’s grant, 14; power, 14; popular troubles, 18; relationship to Sir George, 97 n.; resists New York’s claim to New Jersey, 108, 109; personal relations with Andros, 109, 110; deposed by Andros, 110; arrest and acquittal in New York, 111.

Cartwright, George, royal commissioner, i. 331; in Boston, ii. 8; captured by the Dutch, 8.

Catharism. See Albigenses.

Caughnawaga, Canada, settlement of Christianized Iroquois, ii. 286; danger to New York, 287; Burnet’s measures against, 288.

Charlemagne, ancestry, i. 8; and the Frisians, 9; division of his empire, 10.

Charles the Bald, share in Charlemagne empire, i. 10.

Charles the Bold of Burgundy, rule in the Netherlands, i. 29; death, 30.

Charles II. of England, and the Connecticut charter, i. 321; and Louis XIV., ii. 27, 40; and the naming of Pennsylvania, 175.

Charles V., lord of the Netherlands, i. 32.

Charters, Dutch West India Company, i. 129; of Privileges and Exemptions in New Netherland, 154; Connecticut, 320; Pennsylvania, ii. 176-178, 432-449.

Chesapeake Bay and Verrazano Sea, 71-74.

Chester, Penn., named, ii. 182.

Christiansen, Hendrick, at Manhattan, i. 118, 120.

Church and State, primitive union, ii. 116-119; fall of theocratic ideals; in Massachusetts, 131. Civil liberty, development in England, i. 24, 27; development in the Netherlands, 28, 30-32, 262. See also Religion, Representation, Zenger.

Civilis, Claudius, Batavian general, confederacy, ii. 6.

Clovis, power, i. 7.

Clubs in colonial New York, ii. 331. Coffee, introduction, i. 59.

Colden, Cadwallader, career, ii. 322; History of the Five Nations, ii. 333.

Coligny, Gaspard de, attempted Huguenot colonies, ii. 395.

Colonies, English, non-English influences, i. 34-39; ii. 385, 414; significance of the year 1609, i. 111-113; land purchases from the Indians, ii. 187-191; first congress, 228; unsuccessful expeditions against Canada, 229, 281, 283; strategic position of New York and Pennsylvania, 243-245; necessity of a single head, 255. See also New England and the colonies by name.

Colonization, divergent Dutch views in 1609, i. 113, 116; reasons for English success, 147, 151 reasons for French failure, 149, 150.

Colve, Anthony, governor of reconquered New Netherland, ii. 30, defensive preparations, 32-36; reception of Andros, 45.

Connecticut, Dutch fort, i. 135, 172, 173; Dutch and English claims, 173; Plymouth fort, 174; Twiller’s failure to attack the English, 176, 177, 180, 181; English settlements, 177; Fort Saybrook, 177; Dutch isolated, 177; Hartford treaty with the Dutch, 297-301; charter, 320; claim to New Netherland, 321, 326; settlement of New York boundary, ii. 5; absorbs New Haven Colony, 6; a revival of New York’s claim, 53-58; Fletcher’s attempt to control the militia, 253-255; social conditions, 308. See also Colonies, New England.

Connecticut River, Block ascends, i. 121. See also Connecticut.

Corlear, Arendt van, settles Schenectady, ii. 63; and the Iroquois, 63; death, 63; Iroquois give his name to governors of New York, 65.

Cornbury, Viscount, governor of New York, cousin of Queen Anne, ii. 277; character, 277; and the assembly, 278; governor of New Jersey, 278; salary controversy, 279; debts, 280; superseded and arrested, 280; return to England, 281.

Corporate responsibility and religious conformity, ii. 119-121.

Corssen, Arendt van, builds fort on the Schuylkill, i. 171.

Cortlandt, Stephen van, mayor of New York, and Andros, ii. 51; supports Nicholson, 210; and Leisler, 216, 219, 221 n.

Cosby, William, governor of New York, ii. 289; Zenger’s comments on, 293.

Cotton, John, as a typical Puritan, ii. 374.

Council, question of its functions in New York, ii. 251, 285; and in Pennsylvania, 360.

Council of New England, extent of control, i. 133.

Courcelle, Sieur de, governor of Canada, invasion of the Iroquois country, ii. 58.

Courtray, Belgium, battle, i. 27.

Courts, in New Netherland, i. 132; manor, 155, ii. 310; capital punishment in Pennsylvania, 178, 381; law and order in Pennsylvania, 381, 382. See also Laws.

Cromwell, Oliver, religious tolerance, ii. 125.

Crusades, religious effect, i. 12.

Curler, Jacob van, builds Dutch fort on the Connecticut, i. 173.

Dankers, Jasper, in New York, 71, 85; on New York and its neighbourhood, 86-100; on the New York clergy, 100.

Dee, John, map, i. 87 n.

Delaware, claims of Maryland and New York, ii. 5; religious liberty, 115; granted to Penn, 173; legislative separation from Pennsylvania, 360. See also Colonies, Delaware River.

Delaware Indians, sell Manhattan Island, i. 140; wars with New Netherland, 205-218, 226, 314-318; Penn’s treaty, ii. 184; Pennsylvania land purchases from, 189; why peaceful in Pennsylvania, 193.

Delaware River, Gomez sees, i. 79; early cartography, 87; Hudson enters, 103; Christiansen ascends, 121; Fort Nassau built, 135; Swedish colony, 277-281; Carr overthrows the Dutch, ii. 4. See also Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania.

Denonville, Marquis de, governor of Canada, and Dongan, ii. 201.

Dermer, Thomas, voyages, i. 132; warns the Dutch at Manhattan, 132.

Desceliers, Pierre, Norumbega on his map, i. 91.

De Vries, David Pieters, at Zwaanendael, i. 160; and Eelkens, 169; settlement on Staten Island, 199; Vriesendael, 208; heads the Twelve Men, 209; and the Indians, 213-216; leaves for Holland, 217; and Printz, 280.

De Witt, John, Republican leader in the Netherlands, i. 285; chief magistrate, 287; murdered, 290.

Diedrich, first Count of Holland, i. 13.

Dincklagen, Lubbertus van, treasurer of New Netherland, dismissed, i. 191.

Dirk. See Diedrich.

Discovery and title to wild lands, i. 132, 164, 322.

Donck, Adrian van der, manor, i 246; heads popular demands 250; imprisoned, 251; goes to Holland with the memorial, 253 success, 263; Description of New Netherland, 267.

Dongan, Thomas, governor of New York, covets Connecticut, ii 54 n.; character, 198; India diplomacy, 200-202 Earl of Limerick, 206.

Doughty, Francis, settles on Long Island, i. 211.

Dress, New York colonial, ii. 327 329.

Duke’s Laws, ii. 3, 45.

Dunkers, migration to Pennsylvania ii. 407.

Dutch, language, i. 3, 7; English kinship, 3; meaning of the word, 4; origin of the disparaging use of the term, 183; influence on American progress, ii. 414. See also Netherlands, New Netherland.

Dutch Church in New York, conditions in 1680, ii. 104; independence, 106.

Dutch East India Company, formation, i. 58, 117; engages Hudson’s services, 97. See also East Indies.

Dutch West India Company, attempts to establish, i. 117, 120 charter and powers, 129; subscription, 130; prosperity, 145 charter of Privileges and Exemptions to New Netherland, 154-159; petition of New Netherland against, 252. See also New Netherland.

Dyck, Hendrick van, provokes a Indian attack, i. 314; killer 315.

Dyer, William, collector of the port at New York, ii. 45; indicted for treason, 196; released and rewarded, 196.

East Indies, Portuguese control, i. 55; Dutch control, 57-60, 117; great trading companies, 58; English in, 61.

East Jersey. See New Jersey.

Eaton, Theophilus, governor of New Haven, and Stuyvesant, i. 294.

Economic conditions. See Manufactures, Taxation, Trade.

Edict of Nantes, neutralized, ii. 398, 399; revoked, 399.

Education, public schools in the Netherlands, i. 21; origin of the New England public schools, 37; New York colonial schools, ii. 332; Quaker and Puritan attitude, 374, 375; colonial schools in Philadelphia, 375.

Eelkens, Jacob, and the Iroquois, i. 123; return to New Netherland in English service, 168; and Twiller, 169.

Eight Men, board of; in New Netherland, i. 219, 221-225.

Elizabeth, Princess Palatine, and Penn, ii. 153-158, 160.

Elizabethtown, N. J., settled and named, ii. 13.

Emigration, Dutch, to England, i. 39, 42, 51-53; Flemish, to Holland, 54; of sects to America, 149, 267, ii. 385-414; inducements in New Netherland, i. 198; character of, to New England, 258.

England, development of civil liberty, i. 24, 27; Dutch immigration and commercial influence, 39-43, 51-53; early importance of wool, 40; Dutch religious influence, 43-46; Lollardism, 44; geography of Puritanism, 44; interest in the East Indies, 61; claim to New Netherland, 131-134, 137, 144, 163-165, 170, 320-324; success in colonization, 147, 151; Dutch friendship, 282; attempt to unite the Netherlands and the Commonwealth, 287; commercial rivalry with the Netherlands, 288; resulting wars, 289, 290, 338, ii. 19; third Dutch war, i. 290, ii. 27, 39-41: personal union with the Netherlands, i. 291; importance of New Netherland to its control of America, 324, 338, ii. 1; affair of the Seven Bishops, 349-351.

English, Dutch kinship, i. 3.

English East India Company, formation, i. 58; activity, 61.

Ephrata, Penn., Dunker settlement, ii. 408.

Erasmus, Desiderius, eminence, i, 20; edition of the Bible, 21.

Europe, modern map foreshadowed, i. 10.

Evans, John, deputy-governor of Pennsylvania, false alarm, ii. 365; imposition of powder money, 366; character, 367.

Evertsen, Cornelius, Dutch admiral, captures New York, ii. 28.

Falkenstein, Count von, and Penn, ii. 159.

Fénelon, on Amsterdam, i. 1.

Fenwick, John, Byllinge’s agent, ii. 19; and Penn’s award in West Jersey, 162; founds Salem in West Jersey, 163; trouble with Andros, 163, 166.

Feudalism, culmination, i. 12.

Fine arts in the Netherlands, i. 18, 24.

Firearms, Dutch sell to the Indians, i. 124, 206; order against selling, disobeyed at Rensselaerwyck, 247; English supply the Iroquois, 67; sale to the Algonquins forbidden, 67.

Five Nations. See Iroquois.

Flanders, autonomy of ruler, i. 13. See also Netherlands.

Flemish language, i. 7.

Flatbush, L. I., type of colonial Dutch houses in, ii. 320-326.

Flatlands, L. I., settled, i. 201,

Fletcher, Benjamin, governor of New York, character, ii. 247; and the assembly, 250; as governor of Pennsylvania, 253; and the Connecticut militia, 253-255; accusations against and recall, 265.

Flushing, L. I., refuses to enforce religious persecution, i. 272, 273.

Food, New York colonial, ii. 323, 324 n.

Ford, Philip, Penn’s steward, ii. 368; widow’s suit against Penn, 368.

Forrester, Andrew, Stirling’s agent, and Stuyvesant, i. 291.

Fort Amsterdam, N. Y., built, i. 140. See also New Amsterdam, New York city.

Fort Beaver Road on the Schuylkill, Dutch build, i. 171.

Fort Christina, Del., built, i. 277.

Fort Frontenac (Kingston), Canada, built, ii. 61.

Fort Good Hope on the Connecticut, Dutch build, i. 135, 172, 173 isolated, 177; confiscated by Underhill, 307.

Fort Nassau on the Hudson, i. 123 rebuilt, 135; on the Delaware, 135; occupied by Virginians, 187; recaptured, 188.

Fort Orange, N. Y., built, i. 135; threatened trouble with the Mohawks, 141; named Albany, ii. 1. See also Albany.

Fox, George, founder of Quakerism, birth, ii. 126; teachings, 127; character, 128.

France, overlordship in the Netherlands, i. 27; Albigenses in, 44, ii. 394; temporary cessation of maritime activity, i. 92; failure in colonization, 149, 150; plan to conquer New York, ii. 202; rise of Huguenots, 393; treatment and migration of the Huguenots, 398-401.

Franklin, Benjamin, in Philadelphia, ii. 372, 376.

Franks, origin, i. 7; empire, 8, 10.

Frederick of Orange, Prince, stadholder, i. 138.

Friends of God, influence on religious toleration, ii. 126.

Frisians, and the Batavians, i. 6; and the Frankish empire, 8-10; conversion, 9; land system, 9.

Frontenac, Louis de Buade, Count of, governor of Canada, designs on New York, ii. 202; designs frustrated, 204; character, 229; invasion of the Iroquois country, 230; defeated by Schuyler, 250.

Frontier, Palatine and Scotch-Irish settlers, ii. 409, 413.

Fur-trade, French, on the Hudson, i, 79, 92; early Dutch, 118; Dutch monopolies, 119, 121, 157; illicit Dutch, 162, 194; Kieft’s reforms, 195; made free in New Netherland, 197; coveted by England, 325; Caughnawaga middlemen, ii. 286; Burnet’s measures, 288; controlling interest in New York, 304.

Gardiner, Lyon, builds and commands Fort Saybrook, i. 177.

Gastaldi, Jacopo, map, i. 87.

Geography, Verrazano’s map and sea, i, 72; Maiollo’s map, 73-75; character of old maps, 83; early cartography of east coast of North America, 84-87; Ribeiro’s map, 86; map by Santa Cruz, 86; Gastaldi’s map, 87; cartography of Norumbega, 87-91.

Georgia, Jews in, ii. 392.

Germany, Penn’s missionary tour, ii. 152-162; emigration of sects to Pennsylvania, 406-410.

Gerrits, Dirk, Dutch navigator, Antarctic voyage, i. 65.

Ghent, Belgium, former size, i. 23 besieges Ypres, 26; defeated by its count, 27; executes treacherous envoys, 31; decline, 54.

Glen, John, and the French attack on Schenectady, ii. 226, 227.

Godfrey, Thomas, mathematician his quadrant, ii. 376.

Godfrey, Thomas (second), dramatist, his Prince of Parthia, ii. 377.

Godyn, Samuel, his patroonship, i. 159.

Gomez, Estevan, Spanish pilot, on coast of North America, i. 79.

Gouverneur, Abraham, marries Mary Leisler, ii. 233, 234, 265.

Government, growth of monarchy, i. 13; New Netherland, 152, 259, 262.; genesis of English colonial, 257-259, 262; Netherlands, 283-285; New York, ii. 3, 231, 246; East Jersey, 14, 17; early, and religious conformity, 116, 121; West Jersey, 167; true basis of democracy, 359; Pennsylvania, 360-362.

Governors, English colonial, conflicts with the assemblies, ii. 18, 250-252, 280, 284, 285, 305.

Governor’s Island, N. Y., Twiller’s purchase, i. 188.

Graham, James, speaker of New York assembly, ii. 246.

Grants, Dutch ordinance of 1614, i. 119; to Duke of York, 330, ii. 41; of New Jersey, 12, 42. See also Charters.

Gravesend, L. I., settled, i. 199.

Great Privilege of the Netherlands, provisions, i. 30; ignored, 32.

Greenwich, Conn., settled, i. 200; controlled by the Dutch, 201.

Greenwich village on Manhattan Island, ii. 85, 99.

Grist, Paul van der, seizes the San Beninio, 293; killed by Indians, 315.

Grotius, Hugh, leader of the Netherlands Republicans, i. 115.

Guicciardini, Francesco, Italian historian, on English-Flemish trade, i. 41.

Guilds in the Netherlands, i. 25. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, interest in America, i. 275.

Hackensack, N. J., settled, i. 208; Indian murder at, 212.

Hall, Thomas, member of the Board of Eight Men, i. 220.

Hamilton, Andrew, defends Zenger, ii. 292; reputation, 292; on truth of the libel, 294-296; speech, 296-299; popular honours, 300; on Pennsylvania’s progress, 382.

Harlem, N. Y., in 1679, ii. 96.

Hartford, Conn., Dutch fort on site, i. 135, 172; settled, 178 Stuyvesant’s visit, 297; boundary treaty, 298-301.

Hell Gate, N. Y., named, i. 120. Hendricksen, Cornelius, ascends the Delaware, i. 121.

Heyn, Peter, Dutch admiral, victories over the Spanish, i. 145.

Hill, Richard, and the powder money, ii. 367.

Hinnoyossa, Alexander, at New Amstel, ii. 4.

History, importance of small things, i. 255.

Hodshone, Robert, Quaker, persecuted in New Netherland, i. 270-272.

Hoeius, Franciscus, Norumbega on his map, i. 91.

Holland, origin, i. 13; meaning of the name, 16. See also Netherlands.

Hollender, Peter, governor of New Sweden, i. 278.

Hooton, Thomas, on the settlement at Burlington, ii. 166.

Horn, Schouten van, voyage, i. 65.

Horsford, E. N., on Norumbega, i. 81 n.

Horticulture in the Netherlands, i. 17.

Houses, New York manor, ii. 312-315; New York Dutch country, 320-326.

Hudson, Christopher, interest in Arctic explorations, i. 95.

Hudson, Henry, alderman, in the Muscovy company, i. 93.

Hudson, Henry, English navigator, probable ancestry, i. 95; conjectured early life, 96, 97; Arctic voyages for Muscovy Company, 96 his mermaid, 96; enters Dutch service, 97; services desired by France, 98; Dutch voyage in the Arctic, 99; seeks a passage to Verrazano Sea, 100; Smith’s influence, 101; results of Arctic voyages, 101; on coast of New England, 102; enters Delaware River, 103; n.; New York harbour, 103; ascends Hudson River, 104; and the Indians, 104-106; returns to Europe, 106; detained in England, 107; voyage to Hudson’s Bay, 107; death, 108; fame, 109.

Hudson, Thomas, of Limehouse, voyage and journey in Russia, i. 95.

Hudson, Thomas, of Mortlake, interest in Arctic explorations, i. 94.

Hudson River, Verrazano enters, i. 74, 82.; Gomez enters, 79; French traders on, 79; and Norumbega; 82, 87-89; early cartography, 88; Allefonsce ascends, 89; Hudson ascends, 104-106; various names, 112.

Hugonet, Netherlands envoy, treason and execution, i. 31.

Huguenots, migration, i. 149, ii. 399; forbidden to settle in Canada, i. 150; rise, ii. 393; elements of weakness, 393-395; attempted colonies, 395; in New York, 396, 397, 402-405; persecution, 398, 399; effect of emigration on France, 400; in Boston, 401.

Humour and national characteristics, i. 184.

Hunter, Robert, governor of New York, character, i. 282; and the assembly, 283, 284; on his experiences as governor, 285.

Hutchins, John, conviction for treason, ii. 276; released, 277.

Hutchinson, Anne, settlement in New Netherland, i. 211; massacred, 216.

Iberville, Le Moyne d’, leads attack on Schenectady, ii. 225.

Imbrecourt, Netherlands envoy, treason and execution, i. 31.

Indians, early French description, i. 69; sale of firearms to, 124, 206, 247, ii. 67; colonial land purchases from, i. 140, 157, ii. 187-191; Mohegans and Pequots, i. 172, 174; Pequot war, 175, 178; wars with the Delawares in New Netherland, 205-218, 226, 314-318; King Philip’s war, ii. 55-58, 67-71; New York commissioners, 66; Algonquin dwelling, 93-96; why peaceful in Pennsylvania, 191-194. See also Iroquois.

Ingoldsby, Richard, lieutenant-governor of New York, ii. 230, 281; arrival, 234; Leisler defies, 235.

Inns, colonial New York, ii. 331.

Inquisition, effect, ii. 113.

Iroquois Indians, importance in American history, i. 111, ii. 61; treaty with the Dutch, i. 123; obtain firearms, 124, 236, ii. 67; Mohawks and Mohegans, i. 141, 332; threatened breach with the Dutch, 141; tribute from other tribes, 213; French invasions, ii. 58, 230; Dutch and English overlordship, 60; French and English intrigues, 60, 200-202, 248, 281; conference with Andros, 62-65; Schuyler’s influence, 66, 248; defeat King Philip, 70 conference with New England envoys, 70; influence on India peace in Pennsylvania, 193;. conquests, 200; raid on Canada in 1689, 204; strategic position 244; chiefs in England, 282 and Burnet’s fur-trade reforms 288; become Six Nations, 288 n.

Irving, Washington, satire on Twiller, i. 166; reception of his Knickerbocker, 186.

James II. of England, unites the northern colonies, ii. 205; flight 208; friendship for Penn, 343-345; Penn’s trust, 347, 351 and the seven bishops, 349-351 See also York.

Jans, Anneke, law suits over her farm, ii. 302.

Jay, John, Huguenot ancestry, ii 404.

Jay, Pierre, Huguenot, persecution and emigration to New York, ii 404.

Jesuit missionaries among the Iroquois, ii. 60.

Jews, in Spain, ii. 386; persecution. 387; migration to the Netherlands, 388; in Brazil, 389; emigration to New York, 389; treatment in New York, 389-391 in Newport, 389; in Philadelphia, 392; in the southern colonies, 392.

Josquin, Flemish musician, i. 19.

Judæis, Cornelius de, Flemish geographer; Norumbega on his map, i. 91.

Justice. See Courts.

Keith, George, schism, ii. 355.

Kidd, William, character, ii. 263; commissioned against the pirates, 264; piracy, 268-273; arrest, 273; trial and execution, 274.

Kieft, William, director-general of New Netherland, character, i., 192, 222, 227; autocracy, 193, 210; tax on the Indians, 207, 213; calls an assembly on the question of war, 209; and the administrative reforms, 210; massacres fugitive Indians, 214; tries to shift the responsibility, 215; imposes an excise, 221, 222; charges against, 223-225; removed, 225; attempt to investigate, 233-235; hits back, 235; drowned, 237.

King Philip’s war, Andros’s interest, ii. 55-58, 67; Philip in the Berkshires, 68, 69 n.

Kingston, N. Y., Walloon settlers, ii. 397.

Kip, Jacob, and the oath of allegiance, ii. 47.

Kip’s Bay, ii. 81.

Koopman of New Netherland, duties, i. 152.

Koorn, Nicholas, guards Rensselaerwyck staple right, i. 244.

Kramer, Gerard. See Mercator.

Krieckebeeck, commander of Fort Orange, killed, i. 141.

Kuyter, Joachim, arrives in New Netherland, i. 199; member of the Board of Eight Men, 219; petition against Kieft, 233; accusations against, 235; banished and fined, 236; shipwrecked, 237; justified, 238.

La Montagne, Jean de, Kieft’s councillor, i. 194.

Labadists in Pennsylvania, ii. 408. Lancaster, Penn., population in 1750, ii. 379.

Lancey, James de, chief justice of New York, tries Zenger, ii. 291, 292; Huguenot ancestry, 403.

Land, colonial purchases from the Indians, i. 157, ii. 187-191; quitrent trouble, 18, 179, 360.

Lasso, Orlando, Flemish musician, i. 19.

Laurens, Henry, Huguenot ancestry, ii. 404.

Laurie, Garvaine, interest in West Jersey, ii. 163.

Laws, Duke’s, in New York, ii. 3. See also Courts.

Le Conte, John and Joseph, Huguenot ancestry, ii. 403.

Leisler, Jacob, accuses Van Rensselaer of heresy, ii. 104; refuses to pay customs duty, 212; position and character, 213; anti-Catholic mania, 214, 420; probable motive of his conduct, 215, 240-242; takes command of the fort, 217, 418; declaration, 218 Proclaims William and Mary, 219; ignores the king’s proclamation, 219; commander-in-chief, 220, 420; assumes the government, 220-222; unpopular tax, 222; authority defied, 223, 420-424; calls an assembly, 228; calls the first American Congress, 228; ignored by the king, 230; unpopularity, 232; novels based on his times, 232; marriage of his daughters, 233; defies Ingoldsby, 235; fires on the king’s troops, 236; resists Sloughter, 236, 424; arrest, 237; trial and execution, 237-240, 425-430; execution ill advised, 242; attainder reversed, 242, 265. See also Leislerian.

Leislerian party in New York, ii. 250; charges against Fletcher, 265; Bellomont favours, 266; gain control, 268; violent proceedings, 275, 276; discomfiture, 277.

Levermore, C. H., on New Haven migration to New Jersey, ii. 17.

Libel, question of evidence of truth, ii. 295; Hamilton on, 296-299.

Linschoten, Hans Hugo van, Dutch navigator, voyage in the Arctic, i. 64.

Literature, in the Netherlands, i. 20; in colonial New York, ii. 331; in colonial Pennsylvania, 372, 377.

Livingston, Robert, secretary of board of Indian commissioners, ii. 66; early life, 66; and Kidd, 264; Leislerian charges against, 275; dismissed from office, 276; restored, 277.

Lloyd, David, position in Pennsylvania, ii. 371.

Local self-government, and successful colonization, i. 151; lacking in New Netherland, 152.

Locke, John, and Penn, ii. 353, 354.

Logan, James, character and ability, ii. 370.

Lok, Michael, Verrazano Sea on his map, i. 73, 100.

Lollardism in England, i. 44-46.

Long Island, Dutch settlements and purchase, i. 135, 201; value as a wampum field, 203, 204; English settlements, 204; Stirling’s claim, 291; dissaffection of English towns, 310, 328; league of English towns, 328; granted to York, 330; rival colonial claims, ii. 5; included in New York, 7; demand for representation, 26; protest against second Dutch government, 30; question of allegiance to New York, 46; in 1769, 89-96.

Lorraine. See Lotharingia.

Lothair I., share in Charlemagne empire, i. 10.

Lotharingia, origin and extent, i. 10; division, 11; bone of contention, 11; advantages, 12-15.

Louis the German, share in Charlemagne empire, i. 10.

Louis de Male, Count of Flanders, defeats Ghent, i. 27.

Louis XIV, of France, designs on New York, ii;. 202; and the Huguenots, 398-400.

Lovelace, Francis, governor of New York, ii. 20, 25; on the establishment of a post, 22-24; land purchases and debts, 37; Dutch confiscations, 37; arrest, 37; death, 43.Muscovy Company, organized, i. 63, 93.

Lovelace, Lord, nephew of Francis, governor of New York, ii. 280; death, 281.

Lucas, Nicholas, interest in West Jersey, ii. 163.

Lucini, A. F., Italian engraver, Norumbega on his map, i. 91 n.

Luxemburg, autonomy, i. 13.

Luyck, Ægidius, and the oath of allegiance, ii. 47.

Macaulay, Lord, charges against Penn, ii. 345-347, 353 n.

Madagascar, pirate rendezvous, ii. 259.

Madras, India, founded, i. 62.

Maine, Duke of York’s claim, ii. 8; Andros takes possession, 71.

Maiollo, Vesconte, map showing Verrazano’s explorations, i. 73-75, 77.

Makin, Thomas, on Evans’s false alarm, ii. 366 n.

Manhattan Island, N. Y., and Norumbega, i. 82, 89; French fur-traders’ village on, 90; Dutch traders at, 118; Argall warns them, 119; meaning of the name, 139; purchased, 140. See also New Amsterdam, New York city.

Manors (patroonships), establishment in New Netherland, i. 154-159; inducement, 159; failure of first, 159-161; success of Rensselaerwyck, 161, 240; attempt to introduce indented servants, 197; disputes between Rensselaerwyck and the government, 242-249; system in New York, ii. 310; Schuyler’s manor, 311-317.

Mansfield, Lord, opinion on libel, ii. 295.

Manufacturers, in the Netherlands, i. 17, 18, 40; influence of Dutch, on English, 39-43, 52; forbidden to the patroons, 157; prohibition removed, 198.

Marathon, Greece, importance of battle, i. 254.

Markham, William, deputy-governor of Pennsylvania, ii. 179.

Martha’s Vineyard, Mass., Duke of York’s claim, ii. 7.

Mary, Lady, of Burgundy, marriage, i. 30; and the Great Privilege, 30.

Maryland, charter, ii. 176-178.

Mason, Arthur, Boston constable, and the royal commissioners, ii. 9-11.

Massachusetts, and the royal commissioners, i. 331, 332, ii. 8-11; and the Duke of York’s claim, 7; persecution of Quakers, 130; tyranny of Andros, 206; overthrow of Andros, 208; refuses to aid Fletcher, 255; Bellomont governor, 266. See also Colonies, New England.

Mather, Increase, on King Philip and the Mohawks, ii. 69 n.; in England, 207, 208.

Maurice of Orange, Prince, leads war party in the Netherlands, i. 114; and Olden-Barneveld, 125.

Maverick, Samuel, intrigue against New Netherland, i. 326; royal commissioner, 331; in Boston, 8.

May, Cornelius, in Delaware Bay, i. 121; first director-general of New Netherland, 134.

Mazarin, Cardinal, dissatisfied with treaty of Münster, i. 285.

Megapolensis, John, Dutch clergyman in New Netherland, intolerance, i. 269.

Melyn, Cornelius, arrival in New Netherland, i. 199; settlement on Staten Island, 207; member of Board of Eight Men, 219; petition against Kieft, 233; accusations against, 235; banished and fined, 236; shipwrecked, 237; justified, 238; return with mandamus to Stuyvesant, 252.

Mennonites, persecution and migration to Pennsylvania, ii;. 407.

Mercator, Norumbega on his 1569 map, i. 88.

Merchant Adventurers in England, i. 43

Merchants’ Exchange, first New York, ii. 25.

Meteren, Emanuel van, Dutch consul at London, and Hudson, i. 95, 97.

Middle Kingdom. See Lotharingia.

Milborne, Jacob, Leisler’s lieutenant, ii;. 223; marries Leisler’s daughter, 233; arrest, 237; trial and execution, 237-240, 431.

Milt, Anthony de, and the oath of allegiance, ii. 47.

Minuit, Peter, director-general of New Netherland, i. 139; discussion with Bradford, 143; recalled, 163; leads colony to New Sweden, 276.

Mohegan Indians, and the Mohawks, i. 141, 332; in the Connecticut valley, 172, 174.

Money, wampum as, i. 202; chaotic condition in early New York, ii. 54; Massachusetts issues paper, 229; New York issues paper, 283.

Monopoly, in New Netherland, i. 119, 121, 129, 157; abolished, 197; New York city flour, ii. 107.

Montgomery, John, governor of New York, ii. 289.

Monts, Sieur du, attempted colony, ii. 396.

Moravians, migration to Pennsylvania, ii. 408.

Morris, Gouverneur, ancestry, ii. 234.

Mosquitoes in New York, ii. 313 n.

Motley, J. L., Rise of the Dutch Republic, i. 49.

Music in the Netherlands, i. 18.

Names, changes in Huguenot, in America, ii 401,

Nantucket, Mass., Duke of York’s claim, ii. 7.

Narragansett Bay, R. I., Verrazano in, i. 75.

Navigation laws, origin, i. 289; and trade with New Netherland, 324, 326.

Nayler, James, religious enthusiast, ii. 129.

Netherlands, and the Roman Empire, i. 5; and the Frankish Empire, 8-10; in Lotharingia, 10-12, growth of little states, 13; resulting political advantages, 14; geographical advantages, 14, 46; agricultural and industrial growth, 15-18; topography, 16; fine arts, 18, 24; culture, 19-21; urban and rural population, 22; burgher type, 23; discordant political factors, 25-27; conditions of civil liberty, 28, 262; absorption by the House of Burgundy, 28; under Charles the Bold, 29; Great Privilege, 30; under the Hapsburgs, 31-33; commercial influence on England, 39-43, 51-53; influence on American progress, 36, ii. 414; importance of the woollen industry, i. 40; religious influence on England, 43-46; Protestantism, 47; persecution and revolt, 48-50; division, 50; further history of the Flemish, 50, 54; growth of the Dutch at expense of the Flemish, 54; sea power, 56; East Indian empire, 57-60; Australasian explorations,60; control of Brazil, 62; Arctic explorations, 64; Antarctic explorations, 65; independence acknowledged, 112; parties in 1609, 114-116: divergent views on colonization, 116-118; triumph of the war party, 124; inauguration of a colonial policy, 127; charter of the Dutch West India Company, 129; alliance with England, 137; renewed war with Spain, 145; English friendship, 282; effect of treaty of Münster, 283; government, 283-285; parties after treaty of Münster, 285-287; attempted union with the Commonwealth, 287; commercial rivalry with England, 288; wars with England, 289-291, 301-310, 329-338, ii. 19, 27-29, 39-41; personal union with England, i. 291; immigration of Jews, ii. 388; inducement to Huguenots, 399. See also New Netherland.

New Amstel, Del., resists the English, ii. 4; called Newcastle, 4.

New Amsterdam, beginnings, i. 140; conditions, 158, 189-191, 196, 267, 303; subscription for a church, 212; municipal government desired, 252; incorporated, 265; defences, 301; captured, 333-338 named New York, ii. 1. See also Manhattan Island, New Netherland, New York city.

New England, origin of its public schools, i. 37; Verrazano on the coast, 76; and Norumbega, 81; Hudson on the coast, 102; John Smith on the coast, 131; named, 131; extent under charter of Council of New England, 133; growth threatens New Netherland, 171, 199-201, 319; dispute with the Dutch over Connecticut, 173-181, 291-301; trade with New Netherland, 187 genesis of the government, 257; and New Netherland during the first English Dutch war, 303-310; preparation against reconquered New Netherland, ii. 31; King Philip’s war, 55-58, 67-69; Andros viceroy, 205; resumption of old governments, 209. See also Colonies, and the colonies by name.

New Hampshire, Bellomont governor, ii. 266.

New Haven (colony), founded, i. 200; contact with New Netherland, 201; attempted settlements in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 278; controversy with New Netherland, 292-296; absorbed by Connecticut, ii. 6; contrasted with Connecticut, 15; settlement in New Jersey, 16. See also Connecticut, New England.

New Jersey, Nicolls’s grant, ii. 12; grant to Berkeley and Carteret, 12; Elizabethtown founded, 13; conflicting grants, 14; named, 14; government under the Concessions, 4, 17; New Haven settlers, 15, 17; early government troubles, 18; Berkeley’s interest sold to Quakers, 19; regrant of East Jersey to Carteret, 42, 108; Quaker claim to West Jersey ignored, 42, 108; boundary line of East and West Jersey, 42, 163; troubles arising from York’s claim of government, 108-113, 163-165, 168; York cedes the government, 113, 114, 170; Penn’s award in West Jersey, 162; settlements in ’West Jersey, 163, 164; Burlington founded, 166; Penn’s draft of government for West Jersey, 167; annexed to New England, 205; united as a royal province, 279; executive union with New York, 279; salary controversy with Cornbury, 279. See also Delaware River, Colonies.

New Netherland, pioneer traders at Manhattan, i. 118; Ordinance of 1614, 119; explorations, 120 control of the United New Netherland Company, 121-124boundaries, 122; treaty with the Iroquois, 123; control of the Dutch West India Company, 129 English claims, 131-134, 137, 144, 163-166, 170, 320-324; government organized, 134; first settlers, 134-137; Minuit director-general, 139; a threatened breach with the Iroquois, 141-143; intercourse with Plymouth, 143; government, 152; growth, 154, 188, 266-268, 318; establishment of manors, 154-159; early manors, 159-162; disputes with the patroons, 162, 240-249; Twiller director general, 166; attempt to forestall the English, 170-173; controversy over Connecticut, 173-181, 291 301; Virginians at Fort Nassau, 187; trade with New England, 187; removal of Twiller, 191; Kieft director-general, 192; his autocratic methods and reforms, 193-196; character of the population in Kieft’s time, 196; monopoly abolished, 197; encouragement of settlers, 198; English settlers, 199, 211; contact with New Haven, 201; control of Long Island, 201, 204, 291, 310, 313, 326, 328; wars with the Delaware Indians, 205-218, 226, 314-318; Kieft and the popular demands, 209-211, 219; financial needs, 220, 302; excise, 221; 222, 233, 302; protest against Kieft, 223-225; Stuyvesant director-general, 225; his autocracy, 230, 233-237, 296; step toward representation, 238; difficulties in the government, 240; Stuyvesant and the popular demands, 250-253, 264, 296, 302, 310-313, 328; memorial to the States General, 252, 263; genesis of the government, 259, 262; phases of development, 266; cosmopolitanism, 267; religious persecution, 267-275; English settlements in New Jersey broken up, 278; relations with New Sweden, 278, 281; during the first English-Dutch war, 301-310; internal weakness, 319; validity of Dutch claim, 322; essential to English control in America, 324, 338, ii. 1; portents of disaster, i. 325; Connecticut’s claim, 326; granted to the Duke of York, 329; secret expedition against, 330; fall, 332-338; peaceful submission to the English, ii. 4. See also Hudson River, New Amsterdam, New York.

New Paltz, N. Y., Walloons settle, ii. 397.

New Rochelle, N. Y., Huguenot settlement, ii. 403.

New Sweden, origin, i. 275-277 warned by English and Dutch, 277; progress, 278-280; overthrow, 281.

New York, granted to the Duke of York, i. 330; captured from the Dutch, 332-338; importance to English control in America, ii. 1; Nicolls governor, 2; Duke’s Laws, 3; autocratic government, 3, 25; settlement of the Connecticut boundary, 5-7; claims in New England, 7; ceded by the Dutch, 19; departure of Nicolls, 19; Lovelace governor, 20, 28 demand for representative government, 26, 49-51, 197; captured by the Dutch, 28; Dutch government, 28-39; restored to England, 41; York’s second grant, 41; Andros governor, 43; re-establishment of English rule, 45; allegiance of Long Island towns, 46; oath of allegiance to England, 46-48; economic and moral conditions under Andros, 52; revival of claim to Connecticut, 53-58; importance of Iroquois friendship, 61; conditions around Manhattan in 1680, 73-85, 88-100 customs-house inspections, 86-88 religious conditions in 1680, 100-106; estate and revenue in 1680, 104, 106; question of control over New Jersey, 108-114, 163-165, 168-171; dissatisfaction with Andros, 195; troubles over customs duties, 195, 196; Dongan governor, 198; first assembly, 198; becomes a royal province, 199; French designs against, 202; annexed to New England, 205, 206; fear of French invasion and Catholic plot, 210-212, 417, 421; conditions favouring Leisler’s revolt, 214-216; rising again Nicholson, 217, 418; Leisler’s declaration, 218; Leisler assume control, 219-222, 419; conditions of Leisler’s control, 222-224, 227, 228, 231; French raid on Schenectady, 224-227; Leisler’s assembly, 228; William III.’s provisions for government, 230; Leisler’s defiance of Ingoldsby, 234-236; Leisler and Sloughter, 236, 424; overthrow of Leisler, 236, 237; his trial and execution, 237-240, 425-431; strategic position, 243-245; bears brunt of Canadian wars, 245; first assembly under William and Mary, 246; anti-Catholic legislation, 247, 337; desire to annex Connecticut and Pennsylvania, 247; Fletcher governor, 247; party strife, 250, 266, 268, 275-277; governor and assembly, 251, 278, 284, 285; Fletcher recalled, 265; Bellomont governor, 266; Cornbury governor, 277; appointment of a treasurer, 278; Ingoldsby acting governor, 280; Hunter governor, 282; paper money, 283; Burnet governor, 286; Burnet’s fur-trade reforms, 286-289; Zenger’s trial, 290-300; extent in colonial times, 303; causes of slow growth, 304; colonial economic conditions, 304; debt and taxation, 305; conditions of government, 305; politics, 305-308; social conditions, 308-310; manors, 310-317; Albany in 1765, 317-320; type of the Dutch country house, 320-326; colonial dress, 327-329; indented servants, 333; slavery, 334; negro plot of 1712, 336; and of 1741, 336-342; centre of distribution for non-English population, 385; immigration and treatment of the Jews, 389-391; immigration of Huguenots, 396, 402-405. See also Colonies, Iroquois, New Netherland, New York city.

New York city, cosmopolitanism, i. 1, ii. 330, 415; change in the government, 3; abolition of class divisions, 20; post with Boston, 21-25; Merchants’ Exchange established, 25; Dutch capture, 28; Dutch defensive measures, 32-36; Andros’s reforms, 51; in 1680, 73-85; Wolley on its climate, 101; flour monopoly, 107; and the pirates, 259-263, 267; in 1735, 301-303; colonial cheerfulness and refinement, 329; amusements, 330; clubs and inns, 331; literature and schools, 331-333. See also New York.

New York harbour, Verrazano in, i. 74; Hudson in, 103.

New Zealand discovered, i. 60. Newark, N. J., settled and named, ii. 16.

Newcastle, Del. See New Amstel.

Newfoundland, exploitation of the fisheries, i. 67.

Newport, R. I., Jews in, ii. 389.

Newspapers, early colonial, ii. 289 n.; first in Pennsylvania, 376. See also Zenger.

Nicolls, Richard, royal commissioner, dual nature of his commission, i. 330; capture of New Amsterdam, 332-338 governor of New York, character, ii. 2; autocracy, 3, 11; grant in New Jersey, 12; resigns, 19; death, 20; and the oath of allegiance, 46; and the Iroquois, 60.

Nicolls, William, attorney-general of New York, imprisoned by Leisler, ii. 231, 237.

Nicholson, Francis, lieutenant-governor of New York, ii. 206; predicament due to the overthrow of Andros, 209; accused of Catholicism, 212, 214, 215, 417; defensive measures misinterpreted, 216; overthrow, 217; goes to England, 218; leads fruitless attack on Canada, 281; conquers Nova Scotia, 282.

Nieuwenhuysen, Wilhelmus van, minister in New York, ii. 100; feud, 102.

Nine Men, Board of, in New Netherland, i. 238-240, 249-253, 264, 296.

Norris, Isaac, and the powder money, ii. 367.

North America, early cartography of eastern coast, i. 84-87.

Northwest passage, why sought, i. 63; Verrazano seeks, 71.

Norumbega, application of the name, i. 81; location, 81-91.

Nova Scotia conquered by Nicholson, ii. 282.

Nova Zembla discovered, i. 64.

Occupation, and title to wild lands, i. 132, 164, 322; what constitutes, 165.

Olden Barneveld, John of, heads peace party in the Netherlands, i. 115; beheaded, 125.

Onas, Indian name for governors of Pennsylvania, ii. 59 n., 186.

Onontio, Iroquois name for governors of Canada, ii. 59 n.

Ordinance of 1614, i. 119.

Ortelius, Abraham, Norumbega on his map, i. 90.

Oswego, N. Y., founded, ii. 288.

Oxenstjerna, Count Axel, interest in New Sweden, i. 276.

Oxford University, conservatism, i. 44.

Palatinate, devastated by the French, ii. 408. See also Palatines.

Palatines, migration to America, ii. 409; frontier settlements, 409; dialect, 409; union with the Scotch-Irish, 414; influence on American progress, 414.

Parliament, English, taxation power in Pennsylvania, ii. 177.

Pastorius, F. D., leader of the Mennonites, ii. 407.

Patroons. See Manors.

Pauw, Michael, unsuccessful patroonship, i. 161.

Pavonia patroonship, i. 161.

Pell, Thomas, settlement at Pelham Manor, i. 319.

Pemaquid, Maine, Andros takes possession, ii. 71.

Penn, Sir William, and his son, ii. 132, 134.

Penn, William, character, ii. 114, 137; birth and education, 132; conversion to Quakerism, 133; appearance, 134; on the continent, 134; and his father, 134; services to Quakerism, 135; imprisonments, 135, 150; specimens of his writings, 137-150; marriage, 152; home life, 152; missionary tour in Holland and Germany, 152-162; arbitrates on West Jersey, 162; interest in West Jersey, 163; argument on West Jersey government, 169; claim against the Crown, 171; purpose in colonizing, 171; grant, 172-174; story of his Tudor ancestry, 175 n.; principles of his government, 178-180, 359; in Pennsylvania, 181; lays out Philadelphia, 182; on Pennsylvania, 184; influence over the Indians, 186; return to England, 194; grant revoked and restored, 253, 354, 356; plan of union, 256; friendship of James II., 343-345 Macaulay’s charges against, 345-347, 353 n.; trust in James II., 347, 351; and the Seven Bishops affair, 351; accused of Jacobite complicity, 352; retirement, 353; and Locke, 353, 354; and William III., 354, 363; widowed and remarried, 356; second visit to Pennsylvania, 356; life in Pennsylvania, 357, 358; return to England, 364; financial difficulties, 368; last years, 369; heirs, 369.

Penn, William (third), character, ii. 367.

Pennsylvania, religious liberty, ii. 115, 178, 361, 362; modern tyranny, 168; Penn’s purpose in settling, 171; boundaries, 172-174; naming of; 176; charter, 176-178, 432-449; principles of Penn’s government, 178-180; rapid settlement, 180, 194; Penn’s opinion, 183; Penn’s treaty with the Indians, 184; land purchases from the Indians, 189; why the Indians were peaceful, 191-194; strategic position, 243; temporary royal province, 253, 355, 356; politics, 358-360, 372; second constitution, 361, 362; and colonial defence, 363; Evan’s false alarm, 365; Evan’s powder money, 367; colonial culture, 370-378; schools, 375; economic conditions, 378; slavery and servitude, 379-381; law and order, 381; philanthropy, 382; reasons for rapid growth, 382-384; distribution centre for non-English population, 385; German settlers, 406-410; Scotch-Irish settlers, 413.

Pennsylvania-Dutch dialect, ii. 409.

Penobscot River and Norumbega, i. 81, 87, 89, 91.

Pequot Indians, and the Mohegans, i. 172, 174; and the Dutch, 175; war, 178.

Peyster, Abraham de, mayor of New York, ii. 250.

Peyster, Johannes de, and the oath of allegiance, ii. 47.

Philadelphia, laid out, ii. 182; growth, 182; in 1700, 357; theatre, 378; population in 1750, 379; Jews in, 392. See also Pennsylvania.

Philip of Austria, ruler in the Netherlands, i. 31.

Philip the Fair of France, defeated at Courtray, i. 27.

Philip the Good of Burgundy, acquires the Netherlands, i. 28; power, 29.

Philip, Wampanoag chief; in the Berkshires, ii. 68, 69 n.

Philipse, Frederick, councillor, supports Nicholson, ii. 210; and Leisler, 219, 221 n.

Pilgrims, desire to settle in New Netherland, i. 126; petition rejected, 127; settlement, 128. See also Plymouth.

Piracy, prevalence in seventeenth century, ii. 258; Madagascar rendezvous, 259; New York’s trade, 260-263, 267; complaints against, 263; Kidd’s career, 263-265, 268-274.

Plymouth, Mass., settlement, i. 128; intercourse with New Netherland, 143; fort on the Connecticut, 174. See also Pilgrims.

Politics, colonial New Jersey, ii. 18, 279; colonial New York, 250-252, 266, 274-278, 284, 285, 305-308; colonial Pennsylvania, 358-360, 372.

Population, dense urban, in the mediæval Netherlands, i. 22; New Netherland in 1653 and 1664, 267; New York city in 1680, ii. 105; Philadelphia and Pennsylvania in 1685, 194; New York in 1735, 301; Philadelphia in 1700, 357; Pennsylvania cities in 1750, 379.

Portents, of disaster in New Netherland, i. 325; comet of 1680, ii. 72.

Portugal, control of Asiatic trade, i. 55; seized by Spain, 57.

Post established between New York and Boston, ii. 21-25.

Powder money incident in Pennsylvania, ii. 367.

Preston, Samuel, and the powder money, ii. 367.

Printing, development in the Netherlands, i. 19; in colonial Pennsylvania, ii. 375. See also Newspapers.

Printz, John, governor of New Sweden, i. 279; and De Vries, 280.

Privileges and Exemptions, New Netherland charter, i. 154-159.

Puritanism, geographical distribution in England, i. 44; influence of the Netherlands, 46; attitude toward education, ii. 374.

Quadus, Matthias, German geographer, Norumbega on his map, i. 91.

Quakers, persecution, i. 270-272, ii. 128, 131; buy Berkeley’s interest in New Jersey, 19; creed, 125, 161; Fox’s teachings, 127; origin of name, 128; confused with other enthusiasts, 129; missionary zeal, 130; and Calvinism, 130; Penn’s conversion, 133; Penn’s services, 135; beliefs as expounded by Penn, 138-147; use of the pronouns, 147-150; settlement in West Jersey, 164; and Catholics in England, 346; attitude toward education, 374, 375; opposition to slavery, 380; extent of exodus to Pennsylvania, 406. See also Pennsylvania.

Quidor, Iroquois name for Schuyler, ii. 249.

Quintipartite Deed of division of New Jersey, ii. 164.

Quitrent troubles, ii. 18, 179, 360.

Radbod, Frisian chief, and Christianity, i. 8.

Rascicotti, Norumbega on his map, i. 90.

Religion, conversion of the Frisians, i. 9; and commercialism, 47; toleration and persecution in New Netherland, 152, 267-275; freedom in New York under the Duke’s Laws, ii. 3 freedom in New Jersey, 15; conditions in New York about 1680, 100-106; freedom in Pennsylvania and Delaware, 115, 178, 361, 362; disassociation of tolerance and devoutness, 116; primitive union of Church and State, 116-119; persecution and politics, 120; vitality of persecution, 121; Christianity and individuality, 122-125; colonial anti-Catholic measures, 247, 337, 349, 421; James II’s attitude toward toleration, 349-351; persecution in Spain, 387 persecution in France, 394, 398-400. See also sects by name.

Rensselaer, Kilian van, patroonship, i. 161; death, 245. See also Rensselaerwyck.

Rensselaer, Nicholas van, heresy charges, ii. 104.

Rensselaerwyck, established, i. 161; prosperity, 240; independence and usurpations, 242-249; obedience forced, 249.

Representation, popular boards in New Netherland, i. 209-211, 219, 221, 238-240; petitioned for in New Netherland, 225; popular conventions in New Netherland, 310-313, 328; in New Jersey, ii. 167; demanded in New York, 26, 49-51, 197; in New York, 198, 231, 246; in Pennsylvania, 361.

Rhode Island, letters of marque against the Dutch, i. 307; restrictions on religious liberty, ii, 115. See also Colonies, New England.

Ribeiro, Diego, Portuguese geographer, map, i. 86.

Rittenhouse, David, astronomer, ii. 376.

Roelandson, Adam, New Amsterdam schoolmaster, i. 168.

Roman Catholics, colonial measure against, ii. 247, 337, 349, 421; and Quakers in England, 343.

Roosebeke, Belgium, battle, i. 27.

Saint Boniface. See Winfrid.

St. Lawrence River and Gulf, Aubert’s alleged voyage, i. 68; naming of, 68, 69.

Salem, N. J., founded, ii. 163.

Salomon, Haym, financial aid during the Revolution, ii. 392.

Saltmarsh, John, Sparkles of Glory, ii. 132.

San Beninio, Dutch ship, seized by Stuyvesant at New Haven, i. 292.

Santa Cruz, Alonso de, map, i. 86.

Saybrook, Conn., fort built, i. 177.

Saye, Lord, grant in Connecticut, i. 176.

Schaats, Gideon, minister at Albany, ii. 100.