The joint management of land and trade in the early provinces was a reflection of the joint-stock system under which they were founded

Though American colonization was begun by corporations, it was not continued by them

Individual proprietors or boards of proprietors take their place

Feudal characteristics emphasized in later proprietary provinces

The county palatine of Durham

The charter of Maryland

Charters of Maine and Carolina

Charters of New York and Pennsylvania

Differences between a proprietary province and a corporate colony

The province was normally monarchical in organization

Tendencies which facilitated the democratizing of the province

Distinctions between land system of New England and that of the provinces

The province and tracts within it were granted as estates of inheritance to individuals

This not wholly true of provinces founded by corporations

Instances of treatment of provinces like private estates

New York and New Jersey

Pennsylvania

The Carolinas

Territorial policy of the proprietors

Suspension of statute quia emptores

Issue of conditions of plantation

Maryland

The Carolinas

New Jersey

Pennsylvania

Confirmation of titles and new conditions in New York

Upon conditions of plantation depended size and variety of estates

Estates larger in provinces than in New England

Proprietary reserves and manors

Maryland

The Carolinas

The Jerseys

Pennsylvania

The patroonships of New Netherland

Colonies and small grants in New Netherland

Question of mortmain in Maryland

Proprietary income from land

Alienation fines in Maryland

Sales of land in Pennsylvania and Maryland

Quitrents in all the provinces

Forms in which quitrents were paid

Struggles over quitrents in New Jersey

Under Berkeley and Carteret

Under the twenty-four proprietors

Rents in New Netherland

Quitrents in New York

Policy of the early governors

Policy of Governor Dongan

Administrative machinery

Development of land office in Maryland

Work of governors, secretary, and surveyor-general in other provinces

Development of proprietary boards in the Jerseys

Board of property and land office in Pennsylvania

The land system chiefly under executive control

Group settlements in the provinces

Towns of New England type abound in New York and northern New Jersey

Proprietary system favorable to individual grants

Individual initiative in New Netherland

Groups of farms bound together by town patents

Extension of this form of settlement in southern New Jersey and Pennsylvania

Germantown an exception

Large proprietary influence in Maryland and South Carolina

Annapolis and port towns

Albemarle Point and Oyster Point

Effect of the bestowment of governmental rights on the proprietor

The executive in the proprietary provinces

The executive in Maryland

The governor, secretary, surveyor, and “commissioners,” 1634

The ordinance of government of April, 1637

The office of governor

His relation to the province

His relation to the proprietor

The council

Its relation to the governor

Its membership

Its powers

The expansion of the official system

Creation of new offices.

Effect of development of local government

Local government was chiefly created by the executive

The military system and policy had the same origin

The financial support of the executive not yet a subject of controversy with the legislature

Concentration of power in the hands of the executive

Question of tenure of sheriffs after 1660

Family influence of the proprietor

Concentration of offices in a few hands

Social and political forces act through the legislature to transform the fief

Its form was determined by concessions of the proprietor

Relations in general between the executive and the legislature

Early and changing forms of the legislature

The general assembly of 1638

The general assembly of 1639

Fluctuations between 1640 and 1650

The two houses appear in their final form in 1650

The upper house

Relations between the legislature and the executive prior to 1660

The question of the initiative. Action of the proprietor in 1638 and again in 1649 and 1650

Failure of the scheme of legislation in 1639

Assertions of executive discretion in 1642

Reestablishment of government in 1660

Question relating to duties on tobacco

The revolutionary scheme of Fendall

Its defeat

Relations between the legislature and executive after 1660

The official clique under Charles Calvert

Appearance of opposition in 1669

Grievances arising from the veto and the tax levy

Case of Rev. Charles Nicholett

Case of John Morecroft

Upper house compels lower house to expunge a part of its proceedings

Passage of acts limiting the powers of the executive, 1671-1676

Attack on sheriffs and legislation of 1676

Appropriation acts after 1670. Specific appropriations

Renewed efforts to restrict the discretion of the proprietor in the exercise of the veto

The distinguishing characteristic of New York was the prominence and strength of the executive

The same was true of New Netherland

The West India Company as Proprietor

Origin of the company and its relations with the States General

Correspondence between the Amsterdam chamber and the director

System of joint control by States General and company

The executive within New Netherland

The director and council

The autocratic powers of the director

Description of this in remonstrance of 1653

His will could be checked only by appeal to Holland

Scope of ordinances issued by director and council

Its administrative activity

The other officials of the province, especially the schout fiscal

Early development of local government

The sections of New Netherland

The Freedoms and Exemptions of 1640

Grant of village rights

Village officials and their powers

Bestowment of municipal rights on New Amsterdam

They are tardily conceded by Stuyvesant

Grant of excise on wines and beer to the city

Regulative power of director and council continues to be great

Government on the South river

Duties and powers of commissary

Jan Jansen and Andries Hudde

The vice-directorship, Jacquet

The local court

Cases of interposition by the director and council

Vice-director and council of New Amstel

Alrichs and D’Hinoyossa

Officers of company withdraw from South river

Government at Fort Orange and Rensselaerswyck

Organization of the manor

Relations between the authorities of the manor and those of the company

The transition

Grant of charter to Duke of York

Administration through a governor and council set up at New York

The articles of surrender

Extent to which Dutch officials and privileges were continued

English government established in Long Island, Westchester, and Staten island

Yorkshire and its three ridings

Proclamation of the Duke’s Laws

Provisions of Duke’s Laws relating to government

English system of town government established

Substitution of English for Dutch government in city of New York

No radical difference between manner of establishing English government in New York and that followed in other colonies

Effect of treaty of Breda on the English title

Complete cession by treaty of Westminster

The executive in New York

No radical difference between the Dutch and English executives

Indian and military relations more fully developed by English

Specially close connection between the king and New York

Personality of Governors Nicolls and Andros

Philip’s war and the visit of Andros to England in 1678

Andros and Lewin in 1680

The council

Exclusive and aristocratic

A small body of officials and heads of rising families

Authority of governor and council extended throughout the province

Controversies with the Long Island towns

Before the Dutch reoccupation

After the Dutch reoccupation

Examples of administrative work by governor and council

Settling disputes between towns

Establishment of towns

Establishment of local courts

Fiscal and military affairs

Extended reference is necessary to the development of opposition in New Netherland

Opposition during the administration of Kieft

The Indian war and the Twelve Men, 1641

The Twelve demand increased powers

Kieft dissolves the Twelve, February, 1643

Kieft is forced to call the Eight Men, September, 1643

The Eight appeal to the Amsterdam chamber

The Eight consent to the levy of an excise

Further remonstrance to the company and States General

Recall of Kieft

Opposition during the administration of Stuyvesant

Prosecution of Melyn and Kuyter

The appeal to the States General

Stuyvesant calls the Nine Men, 1647

Composition and powers of this board

It concerned itself with local improvement

But it labored chiefly to secure aid and redress from the home government

The “Remonstrance of New Netherland ”

Replies of the company and of Stuyvesant’s agent

New set of Freedoms and Exemptions and the Provisional Order of 1650

The English of Long Island begin to share in public affairs

Meeting at the city hall, November 26, 1653

Convention of December 10, 1653

Its remonstrance to the Amsterdam chamber

Director and council repudiate the convention

Opposition ceases for ten years

Is revived by danger of conquest by the English

Remonstrance by Dutch magistrates, November, 1663

The Landtdag of April, 1664

Development of opposition to the English executive

The Dutch take little part in this

Nicolls, promises enjoyment of English liberties

The meeting at Hempstead, March, 1665

English towns petition for fulfilment of Nicolls’s promise, meaning thereby the grant of an assembly

Lovelace rejects the petition

Protest of Long Island towns against payment of a tax

The duke and Andros reject demand for an assembly

The first New York legislature

The agitation of 1681 against payment of customs duties

Appointment of Dongan as governor

The concession of an assembly

The election and assembly of 1683

Its legislation

The charter of liberties not confirmed

The concession of an assembly withdrawn when Dongan was appointed royal governor

Did the proprietors of New Jersey legally possess rights of government?

Principle of English law involved

The lease and release of 1664

Letter of Charles II, 1672

Changes of 1674. Second deed of release

Opinion of Sir William Jones, 1680

Deeds of 1680 to proprietors of East and West Jersey

The claim of the proprietors practically but not legally established

Efforts of the proprietors to establish government

The agreements and concession of 1665

Appointment of governor, council, and other officials

Beginnings of local government

Early courts and their officials

The first assemblies

Relations with the Monmouth Purchase

Disorders after 1670. James Carteret

Return of Governor Carteret from England with confirmatory instructions

Strengthening of the government

Assemblies of 1675 to 1679

Controversies between the Jerseys and New York

John Fenwick and the collection of duties on the Delaware river

Overseers at Salem put under the jurisdiction of magistrates at Newcastle

Formal control sought by Andros over the remainder of West Jersey

Vessels forbidden to enter and clear at Elizabethtown

Carteret’s arrest and trial by Andros

Andros assumes to govern East Jersey

In 1680 the duke yields and Andros soon returns to England

East Jersey under the twenty-four proprietors

The Quaker Concessions or form of government

The East Jersey Constitutions

They were ignored in practice

Establishment of counties completed

Government in West Jersey

The board of commissioners

The representation of the tenths in the assembly

Edward Byllinge appoints governors and seeks to act as proprietor

The colonists oppose him and insist upon an elective governor

West Jersey practically a democratic self-governed community

The Heath patent for Carolina

The patents of 1663 and 1665 to Clarendon and associates

A proprietary board as a colonizing agent

The Cape Fear experiment

Early proposals of New Englanders and Barbadians

The “ declaration and proposals” of 1663

Acceptance of conditions offered by the group from Barbadoes

Concessions and Agreement of 1665

Their liberal character

Unsuccessful attempt to found a colony at Cape Fear

Shaftesbury becomes interested in southern part of province

The Fundamental Constitutions

Their provisions in reference to government

They were an octroi constitution

Efforts of proprietors to put them into force

Elected members in the council

Ordinance power and right of initiative

The Ashley river settlements. South Carolina

Owen and Scrivener at Port Royal

Temporary laws of 1671

Controversy between Yeamans and West

The council and palatine’s court

Shaftesbury defines position of governor

West made landgrave and governor

Governor Morton and the Scotch settlers at Port Royal

The election of 1683

Vain attempt to procure acceptance of the Constitutions in 1685

Destruction of colony at Port Royal

Administration of James Colleton

Attempt to govern by martial law

Administration of Seth Sothell

Conflict with Colleton faction

Intention to abandon Constitutions first admitted under Governor Ludwell

Right of initiative abandoned under Governor Smith, 1693

The assembly of 1692. Huguenots from Craven county

Conciliatory policy of Archdale

Final revision of Constitutions. - Their withdrawal

The assembly secures right to name the province treasurer

Origin of Albemarle settlement

Poor means of communication

Greatly neglected by the proprietors

Government established. Drummond and Stephens

Assembly of 1669

Instructions under Fundamental Constitutions

The so-called Culpepper rebellion, 1677

The tobacco trade. Illicit trading

Anarchical tendencies in the province

Thomas Miller supplants Culpepper and others as collector

In absence of Eastchurch, Miller governs province

Uprising against him, December, 1677

Proceedings on the case in England

Government in North Carolina

Sothell and the governors who followed him

The work of the governor and council

Expansion of settlement

The so-called Cary rebellion, 1708-1711

Growth of Quakerism in the province

Act of 1701 for establishment of English Church

Renewal of attempt in 1704

The Quakers and the taking of oaths

Governor Cary and the oaths

President Glover and the oaths

Glover and Cary in conflict

Glover retires in favor of Governor Hyde

Hyde and Cary in conflict

Contest ended by Tuscarora war

Administration of Eden

Submission of Moseley enforced

Peace established in the province

William Penn’s ideas concerning government

Coincidence of Quakerism with tendencies of colonial life

Penn seeks to share rights of government with the colonists

Origin of government in Pennsylvania. The Frames of Government

The elective council

Inferior position of the assembly

Position of the governor

Session of 1683

Frame of Government of 1683

Controversy over the elective council

Form used in promulgating bills

Lower house dissatisfied with its inferior position

Penn appoints commissioners of state

Council continues to be poorly attended

Bad relations between the two houses, 1688

Governor Blackwell seeks to increase attendance at the council

Controversy with the chancellor, Thomas Lloyd

Bitter disputes between governor and council

Appointment of Fletcher as royal governor

This brings elective council to an end

Question of validity of Pennsylvania laws

Raising of a supply

Restoration of authority of the proprietor

The elective council temporarily restored

The lower house begins to initiate legislation

Markham’s Frame of Government

Visit of Penn to the province in 1700

The Charter of Privileges

Council made appointive and deprived of its legislative power

The courts

The governor and council

Their anomalous position

Curtailment of their judicial powers

Rise, under a variety of names, of higher tribunals distinct from the governor and council in all the provinces

Local courts

The hundred in Maryland

Manorial courts in Maryland

Village courts in New Netherland

The ridings of Yorkshire

Courts of sessions at Esopus and Albany

Development of counties in New York, 1683

Counties and county courts in Maryland and the Carolinas

Counties and county courts in the Jerseys and Pennsylvania

By whom were courts established?

As a rule, courts were first established by action of the executive alone

Exceptions in the Jerseys and Pennsylvania

Establishment of county courts in Maryland

Establishment of county courts in the Carolinas

Establishment of county courts in the Jerseys and Pennsylvania

Jurisdiction of the courts

Common law jurisdiction in its entirety was exercised

Jurisdiction of director and council in New Netherland

Jurisdiction of local courts in New Netherland. Appeals

Jurisdiction of the central courts in Maryland and the Carolinas

Jurisdiction of the central courts in the Jerseys and Pennsylvania

Jurisdiction of the county courts in the provinces

Procedure in the courts

English procedure followed, except in New Netherland and for a time in parts of New York

Employment of attorneys in civil cases

Procedure in criminal trials

In some provinces justice administered in name of king; in others in name of the proprietors

Office of attorney-general

Varieties of religious faith in these provinces

Geographical distribution of the confessions

Great preponderance of Protestant dissent

Nearly all the sects believed in connection between church and state

The ecclesiastical system of Maryland

Provisions of the charter

Diplomatic spirit of the Calverts

Claims of the Jesuits to land and jurisdiction renounced

The governor’s oath, 1648

The law of 1649 provides a limited toleration

Puritans cause the withdrawal of toleration from Catholics

Demand for special recognition of Anglicans begins after the Restoration

Ecclesiastical policy of Carolina proprietors

The royal charter provided for an establishment with toleration for dissent

The Concessions and Agreement

Early growth of dissenters and Episcopalians

Attempt to impose a religious test, 1704

Act for lay commission

Defeat of the plan in England

Establishment of church, 1706

Quakers and Episcopalians in North Carolina

Attempt to establish the church in 1704

Connection of this with Cary’s rebellion

Ecclesiastical relations in New Netherland and New York

Relation between the company and the churches in New Netherland

Provisions of Duke’s Laws concerning parishes and ministers

System of privileged churches

Relations between Andros and the Dutch clergy

System of religious freedom in New Jersey

Penn laid no restriction on the right of public or private worship

But a religious test was imposed on office-holders

The territorial revenue a private resource of the proprietors

Direct taxes

The poll tax an early form of levy

The property tax in Maryland

In South Carolina

Appears in New York as an imitation of the New England country rate

Later perpetuated in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania as the penny in the pound

Method of levy in Pennsylvania

The tithe and land tax in New Netherland

It appears also in the Jerseys

Indirect taxes

The excise in New Netherland

New Amsterdam a staple port

Export and import duties in New Netherland

Export and import duties in New York

Indirect taxes less prominent in the other colonies than they were in New Netherland and New York

They appear to a limited extent in Maryland, South Carolina, and Pennsylvania

But not at all in proprietary New Jersey

The tonnage duty in Maryland and South Carolina

Fees and their regulation

In all the provinces except Maryland and New York they were early regulated by law

Objects of expenditure

Salaries and wages in general

Salaries in New Netherland and New York

In the provinces generally a salary system only imperfectly developed in the seventeenth century

Financial administration

Wholly regulated by the executive in New Netherland and New York

The officials concerned

Farming of the excise

In the other provinces taxes were levied under authority of acts of the legislature

Officials in Maryland and South Carolina and their duties

Provisions of the laws were meagre in Maryland and Pennsylvania

In the English provinces, except New York, the legislature had exclusive right to make appropriations

Specific appropriation acts in Maryland

Appropriation acts in South Carolina

In the Jerseys and Pennsylvania

Much that was stated under New England is true also of the provincial militia and defences

New York and South Carolina as border provinces

Relatively protected and peaceful condition of the middle provinces

In Maryland and New York the system pretty fully developed before legislation began to prescribe rules

Maryland act of 1654

Military activity of executive before 1660

Military activity in 1675 and 1676

Articles of war

Special council of war

Early measures of defence in South Carolina

At Albemarle Point

At Charlestown. Act of 1685

Establishment of the patrol system

State of the militia in 1708

The military in New Netherland and New York

Regular garrison troops

The levies of the rural towns

The burgher guard of New Amsterdam

Defensive measures against the English in 1664

The English force and the reasons for its success

Under the English the resources of the Long Island towns are secured

Provisions of the Duke’s Laws

Independent companies from England for garrison service

The garrisons at Albany

At Kingston

At New York

Forts at New York and Albany

The guard at New York and the rural militia companies

Nicolls and the company at Flushing

A troop of horse in Yorkshire

The soldiers at Kingston

Early laws of the Jerseys relating to defence

The extent of the provincial frontier

The narrow and sectional views of the colonists in reference to defence the outgrowth of their social condition

The Indian stocks along the middle and southern frontier

Regulation of intercourse with the Indians

In reference to the extinguishment of their claims to land

In reference to trade in arms, ammunition, and liquors, and intercourse in general

Policy of the Dutch

Policy of the English in Maryland

Regulations in South Carolina

Policy in New York

Policy in New Jersey and Pennsylvania

Trespasses upon corn-fields and destruction of fences

Exclusion of Indians from settlements

Attitude of provinces toward Indian missions

Experiment of the Jesuits in Maryland

Slight effort on Long Island

Indifference of the Quakers

Extension of a protectorate over Indians

Tribes of southern Maryland

Indian commission in South Carolina

Indian commission on Long Island

Indian commission at Albany

Indian relations along the frontier as a whole

The wars of the Five Nations with other Indians

Wars between Dutch and the river Indians

Connection between Dutch arms and ammunition and the supremacy of the Iroquois

Southern raids of Iroquois lead to a comprehensive Indian policy

Joint conferences at Albany

Conference of 1677

Negotiations between 1677 and 1684

Conference of 1684

French discoveries arouse the attention of New York

Dongan and William Penn

Project of an alliance with the Five Nations and of a protectorate over them

The Tuscarora war in North Carolina

The Yemassee war

Society beginning to assume an American type

Greater social uniformity than in Europe

Communities more isolated than in Europe

More perfect self-government than in English communities

The corporate colony essentially an American product

The proprietary province appears in great variety, was largely independent of the king, and proprietor’s power often shadowy

Analogy between period of chartered colonies and Saxon period in history of England